OWG draft targets for the Water SDG
prepared for the UN General Assembly
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•
6.1 by 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all
6.2 by 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and end open
defecation, paying special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
• 6.3 by 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution,
eliminating dumping and minimizing release of hazardous
chemicals and materials, halving the proportion of
untreated wastewater, and increasing recycling and safe
reuse by x% globally
•
•
•
•
•
6.4 by 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors and ensure sustainable
withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address water scarcity, and substantially reduce the number of
people suffering from water scarcity
6.5 by 2030 implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through
transboundary cooperation as appropriate
6.6 by 2020 protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands,
rivers, aquifers and lakes
6.a by 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building support to developing countries in
water and sanitation related activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination, water
efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
6.b support and strengthen the participation of local communities for improving water and sanitation
management
The global water system has natural and human components (Oki and
Kanae, Science, 2006)
This map from AQUEDUCT shows that we have a good understanding of
the basins that are producing the waste water (Red basins have the
highest emissions)
The challenge is to find data to address separate parts
of the waste water path
% Access to basic
sanitation
Containment
House
improved and
hold
unimproved
sanitation
surveys
facilities
WHO/
UNICEF JMP
% safely managed
services
Emptying
Transport
% of wastewater
treated
Treatment
Off-site (sewered)
Regulators, Utilities, AquaStat, IBNET
Triangulation
% Safely Reused
Reuse/Disposal
Utilities,
AquaStat,
models?
very limited data
On-site (pits, septic tanks etc)
Household
Primary data, estimates
surveys
technology classification
Def 3: Are stored on site until they are safe to handle and re-use
(possibly)
(from WHO)
?
Satellite Data can provide high resolution imagery for inspection of
potential problem areas
Local Treatment
Pond?
Fertilizers:
Source of
nutrients in the
runoff
Wastewater
disposal
channel ?
Requirements for monitoring the Water SDG Indicators
• Global advocacy: monitoring for action
• Measuring progress for the global community
• Informing global investments
• Informing investments at country level by
governments and donors
• Supporting regional and country benchmarking
and reporting
• Focus on national governments and citizens
7
Target 6.3:
Possible waste water indicator: A consolidated indicator of waste
water production, treatment and reuse/recycling
Rationale: AQUASTAT and national Environment agencies have reliable
statistics for some countries but these data are limited. Estimates
generated by a global algorithm and validated by AQUASTAT data may
hold the greatest promise.
EO support for the indicator:
1)
Population densities derived from Landsat
data can be combined with census data to
estimate waste water generation potential,
releases and their impacts.
2)
High resolution satellite images could
document the location of treatment
facilities.
GIS layering allows integration of EO and other data
INPUT LAYERS:
COMBINED OUTPUT LAYERS:
(a) Digital Elevation Model
(DEM): Worldwide coverage
from NASA’s ASTER mission
with 30-meter resolution.
(a)
(b) Water Resource Map:
Aquifer yield data from
multiple sources.
(b)
(c) Improved water source
location: Location of wells
continually updated with new
water projects via interactive
Web 2.0 application.
(d) LandScan Population
Database:
commercially
available 1-kilometer population
database updated yearly
(http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan
/landscan_data_avail.shtml).
(c)
Water accessibility: (combination of layers ‘a’
and ‘d’) Access measured in amount of energy
per capita (calories) needed to collect water,
highlighting access limitations due to terrain.
Also shows populations living on marginal land
without water access.
Water resources per person: (combination of
layers ‘b’ and ‘d’) Determines whether
underlying water resources (aquifer yield) can
meet demand of overlying population based
on 50 liters per person per day .
(d)
Areas with improved water access:
(combination of layers ‘c’ and ‘d’)
Displays 1-km LandScan areas that have
achieved water access per guidelines,
i.e. at least one access point per 1sq.km
Models allow the dynamics of waste water situations
to be monitored (after T. Koike).
Past inundation record
Precipitation data from satellites can be input to a
hydrologic model that routes the water through the
urban drainage system (e.g. Hue Citadel in Viet
Nam.). Areas of overflow under during heavy rains
are often polluted. As shown below dry conditions
can also cause water quality problems:
400
0.8
300
0.6
200
0.4
0.2
0
9/17
0:00
Water depth
9/17
12:00
100
0
9/18
0:00
1.2
500
1
400
0.8
300
0.6
200
0.4
100
0.2
0
9/17
0:00
9/17
12:00
C1 and C3 are affected by the river
water inflow from river water.
0
9/18
0:00
C2
Water depth* (m)
EC
Water depth* (m)
Water depth* (m)
1
500
1.2
500
1
400
0.8
300
0.6
200
0.4
100
0.2
0
9/17
0:00
9/17
12:00
EC (μS/cm)
1km
C1
1.2
EC (μS/cm)
N
C3
C3
EC (μS/cm)
C2
C1
0
9/18
0:00
At C2, canal water might be stagnant
and less diluted by river water.
Target 6.3:
Possible indicator: Adoption of the UN Water recommendation related
to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution producing algal blooms that
accumulate in large lakes, water bodies and coastal zones.
Rationale: GEMSTAT data are very helpful in identifying water quality in
countries where they are available. EO data combined with a model
could provide information for every country.
EO support for the indicator:
.
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=84125
LANDSAT and MODIS data provide global data
on phytoplankton blooms and sedimentation
Hydrologic models can estimate the movement
and changes of concentrations of pollutants (incl.
N and Ph) in rivers
New approach: The use of real-time
Population with toilets connected to sewer
> 90%
51 – 90%
25 -50%
<25%
Data not available
Summary
There are some countries which collect high resolution Earth
observation data for public purposes. These data represent a rich
resource for use in monitoring waste water production and treatment
capabilities. With some modifications and integration with other data
sets these data could be used to monitor indicators related to waste
water on a geospatially consistent basis for the entire globe. The
resultant maps could show indicators on the time scales needed for
biannual SDG reporting and for real-time interventions in areas where
indicator thresholds are being exceeded.