lab (4 )
Immunity
and
inflammation
the capability of the body to resist harmful
microbes from entering to the body
Inflammation
is the immune response of tissue injury
type of tissue injury
Burn
Chemical irritation
Toxin
Infection of pathogens( e.g viral. Bacterial )
Physical injury and trouma
Immune reaction (hyper sensitivity)
Foreign body
Type of inflammation
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Acute inflammation
chronic inflammation
Is initiated by WBC already present in all
tissue (macrophage , dendritic cell and mast
cell) this cell undergo activation and release
inflammatory mediator (chemotaxis e.g
cytokine,) responsible for clinical signs of
inflammation and cell activation
phathophysiology
clinical signs of inflammation
 (Rubor ): redness
 (calor) heat : caused by vasodilatation and
increase blood flow
 Edema; caused by increase the permeability
of blood vessels results the in exudation of
plasma protein and fluid in to the tissue .
 Pain (dolor) due to stimulation of pin
receptors
 *Acute inflammation it take Short duration ;
minutes hours ,few days
Resolution
• complete healing
• fibrosis and scarring
• abscess formation: cavity containing
buss(liquid containing dead WBC and bacteria
with debris from destroyed cells
• chronic inflammation.
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Chronic inflammation
Longer duration than acute phase
presence of Lymphocytes and macrophage
Proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis and
presence of necrosis
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In Chronic inflammation ,the inflammatory
response is out of proportion to the threat, or
it is directed against inappropriate target
Result; allergies and auto immune disease
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Allergies
Autoimmune Diseases
Immune Complex Diseases
Immunodeficiency Diseases
Cancers of the Immune System
primary immune deficiency disease
are those caused by inherited genetic
mutations
 Secondary or acquired immune deficiencies
are caused by something outside the body
such as a virus or immune suppressing
drugs.
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is a disease of the human immune system
caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV).
The illness interferes with the immune system
making people with AIDS much more likely to
get infections, including opportunistic
,tumors, and skin rash
Transmitted by fluid exchange :blood
,semen , and vaginal fluid
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people with AIDS
often have
systemic
symptoms of
infection like
low grad Fevers,
swollen glands,
chills, weakness,
and weight loss
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Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune
complication of streptococcal infections.
Rheumatic fever is expressed as arthritis ,or
inflammation of the heart.
It cause fever
Heart (cardiac) problems, shortness of breath
and chest pain
Joint pain and swelling, arthritis(mainly in the
knees, elbows, ankles, and wrists)
Skin nodules , and skin rash
Skin nodules
Skin rash
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Glomerulonephritis,: is a renal disease
(usually of both kidneys) characterized by
inflammation of the of glomeruli
(AB against glomeruli basement membrane.
It may present with isolated hematuria
and/or proteinuria or as a nephritic
syndrome, renal failure, or chronic renal
failure.
Glomerulonephritis
Myasthenia gravis
 Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune
neuromuscular disease leading to fluctuating
muscle weakness and fatigability . This
autoimmune response produces antibodies
that block the muscle cells from receiving
messages (neurotransmitters -acetylcholine
receptor -)from the nerve cell.
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Lupus erythematosus autoimmune disease
Symptoms of these diseases can affect many
different body systems, including joints, skin,
kidneys, blood cells, heart, and lungs
SLE butterfly
rash
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31 years old male came to emergency clinic
suffering of sever diarrhea, coughing and
chills.
He has history of blood transfusion 2 years
ago
Physical examination show:
Low grade fever
Left hand skin rash
Lymph nodes swollen
blood analysis confirmd presence of HIV AB +
1) What is the probably diagnosis?
 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
2) What is the etology of AIDS?
 a. Human pabiloma viral infection
 b. Hiv viral infection
 c. Cryptococcal meningitis
3) Any of the immune system cells may be
infected with HIV virus?
a)CD8 T toxic lymphocyte
B) lymphocyte
c) CD4 T helper lymphocyte
4) How the HIV virus transmeted?
 Transmitted by fluid exchange :blood
,semen , vaginal fluid …ets