Chapter 12 Terms (1946-1979)
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1. Tolerance-respect for all people.
2. Suburbs-residential areas around cities.
3. Baby boom-in the 1950’s when many children were born.
4. Berlin Blockade-see p. 426-Germany was divided into 4 sections
which were occupied by US, GB, FR, and the Soviet Union, who
refused to allow supplies to be delivered to the other areas, so the US
airlifted food to the people.
5. Cold War-A war fought with words & diplomacy. The US insisted
on a policy of national self determination in Europe; the Soviets created
a system of satellite nations, so the US contained communism. The
Truman Doctrine & the Marshall Plan were related topics. (See
handouts for these.)
6. Korean War-The war in Korea (1950-1953) divided the country at the
38th parallel. The US sponsored S. Korea, while the Soviets favored N.
Korea, who invaded S. Korea. No clear victor. US was involved due to
the need to contain communism.
Ch. 12 Terms, Page 2
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7. National School Lunch Act-The 1946 Act was sponsored by GA
Senator Richard Russell (Father of the School Lunch Program) and
ensured that schools got lunches for their students.
8. Winecoff Hotel Fire-Dec. 7, 1946 in Atlanta/This was a fireproof
hotel which had no sprinklers or fire escapes; About 119 died and
was one of the worst hotel fires in history.
9. Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act-In 1949,
this extended the school year to 9 months and charged a 3 % tax to
fund it.
10. One Person-One Vote-County unit system is declared illegal
because it violated the 14th Amendment since everyone’s vote should
count. (April of 1962-Mrs. Ray’s birthday)
11. Reapportion-To redraw voting districts to ensure the districts
are of equal population sizes.
12. Carl Sanders-governor in 1967; later formed TroutmanSanders law firm in Atlanta.
Ch. 12 Terms, page 3
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13. Lester Maddox-governor in 1967; appointed AfricanAmericans to posts; became Lt. gov. after he couldn’t run for gov.
any more.
14. Brown vs. Board of Education-In 1950, Linda Brown’s parents
sued the school board of Topeka, Kansas, to allow her to attend her
local school. Thurgood Marshall, her attorney, was later the first
African-American on the U.S. Supreme Ct. The final verdict in 1954
was to end segregation, repealing the Plessy vs. Ferguson case.
15. Charlene Hunter Gault & Hamilton Holmes-The first two
African-American students to attend UGA.
16. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. & Mrs. Rosa Parks-Rosa Parks
was arrested for sitting in the front of a bus in Montgomery, AL. Dr.
King came into the spotlight for non-violent protests, starting with
her case, The Montgomery Bus Boycott. He won the Nobel Peace
Prize in 1964 and was assassinated by James Earl Ray in TN in 1967.
Ch. 12, Page 4
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17. SCLC-Southern Christian Leadership Conference-a group
formed in ATL that promoted nonviolent changes.
18. Sit- in-A form of protest in which people enter an
establishment, sit down, refuse to leave, and are arrested.
19. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee-Albany, GA,
where students sat in the white-only waiting room at the bus station
& were arrested; a group of African-Americans formed the Albany
Movement to stop segregation and do peaceful protests.
20. Birmingham-Protests took place here with dogs and hoses;
Bull Connor was the police chief. Dr. King was arrested and wrote
an article while in jail in B’ham. Sixteenth Street Baptist Church
bombing was here where four little girls died.
21. Civil Rights Act of 1964-This gave greater weight to the 14th
Amendment; Kennedy wrote it but LBJ passed it.
Chapter 12, Page 5
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22. Voting Rights Act of 1965-Protests happened in Selma, AL, on the
Edmund Pettus Bridge to voice opinions about the lack of voting rights
for African-Americans. The march led to the passage of this act.
23. Black Panthers-a group formed by Eldridge Cleaver consisting
of protesters like Malcolm X who believed violence was a way
to solve problems; they broke away from Dr. King and his policy
of nonviolence.
24. Mayors William Hartsfield & Ivan Allen-Both worked with
African-Americans for a smoother transition for ATL during this
time.
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25. Three Governor’s Episode-In 1946, Gov. Arnall was leaving
office & Eugene Talmadge was elected but died. Since Talmadge was in
poor health, his supporters positioned his son, Herman Talmadge, on the
ballot as a write-in candidate; Herman came in 2nd place in the voting.
H. Talmadge was named by the legislature as the successor, but Lt. gov.
Thompson thought he should be governor.
Ch. 12, Page 6
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25. Continued….Governor Arnall claimed he should stay in office
because he was still governor when E. Talmadge died. All three
(Arnall, H. Talmadge, and Thompson set up offices in separate
places. The legislature chose H. Talmadge as governor, while Arnall
declared that the new Lt. Gov. Thompson was the rightful governor.
The Sec. of State would not give the state seal (used for official
documents) to either man. The GA Supreme Court ruled Thompson
was the rightful governor until a special election could be held in
1948. In that election, H. Talmadge was chosen.
26. MARTA-Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority was
created in 1966 and is a special purpose district.
27. Maynard Jackson-Atlanta’s first African-American mayor; he
died in 2003 and Hartsfield Jackson Airport is partially named for
him.
28. Andrew Young-mayor of Atlanta, supported Dr. King, was
U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations during Pres. Carter’s term.
Ch. 12, Page 7
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29. Ted Turner-started WTBS Superstation, owned sports teams
like the Braves.
30. President James Earl Carter (Jimmy)-Governor of GA,
peanut farmer, 39th President, won the Nobel Peace Prize.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=1pHMv7grxYE
31. Women’s Rights Movement-1960-1970’s movement for fair
treatment for women in jobs, education, and sports.
32. Affirmative Action Programs-to provide work opportunities
for women and minorities.
33. National Organization for Women (NOW)-formed by Betty
Friedan to promote women’s issues.
34. National Women’s Political Caucus-formed to promote
women’s issues. Gloria Steinem, Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug,
Shirley Chisholm.
Ch. 12, page 8
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35. Equal Rights Amendment-First introduced in 1923 as the
Lucretia Mott Amendment & was introduced in every Congressional
session till 1972. The amendment needed the support of 38 states, but
GA and 14 others didn’t ratify, so it failed by three votes in 1983.
36. Title IX-Nixon got this passed in 1972 which prohibited
discrimination in education, academics, or athletics. Before this,
there were no sponsored female athletics.
37. Vietnam War-South Vietnam was democratic and N. Vietnam
was communist. This was our first televised war; U.S. pull-out was
due to protests in our country.
www.youtube.com/user/universalclass?v=lTOHvSkWVBw&fea
ture=pyv&ad=5900954653&kw=the%20vietnam%20war
38. Watergate-In 1972, Republicans broke into the Democratic reelection headquarters at the Watergate Building. Knowledge was
traced back to Pres. Nixon via audio tapes. Nixon resigned before he
was impeached, the only President to resign the office. Continued…
Chapter 12, page 9
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38. Continued- Gerald Ford, the next President, pardoned Nixon;
Ford was never elected as either President or Vice-President. Spiro
Agnew was Nixon’s VP, but he resigned and Nixon chose Ford, who
was approved by the Senate, so when Ford took over as President he
had not been elected to either office.
39. Dean Rusk-from Georgia, the Secretary of State under JFK and
LBJ (1961-1969). He later taught at UGA and is buried in Athens,
GA.
40. Energy Crisis-In 1973, the war in the Middle East caused a fuel
shortage in the U.S. Long gas lines and high prices ensued.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=6OCqF1afNlM
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The End!