International Civil Aviation Organization
ADREP/ECCAIRS End-user course
Module N° 6
Explanatory Factors
SHELL Model
Mexico City- 22-26 November, 2010
Explanatory factors
• Persons and organizations concerned
• Subject : SHELL item
• Modifier
Human Factors included in ADREP 2000
Occurrence
n
Event / phase
of flight
n
Event / phase
of flight
Human Factors
Descriptive factor
subject + modifier
Descriptive factor
subject + modifier
H
n
Org/person +
EF subject +
modifier
Organization/p
erson + EF
subject (SHELL)
+ modifier
S
L
E
SHELL, modified by Hawkins 1987
L
SHEL Model (Edwards, 1972)
• Tenerife Accident
 Adaptation of SHEL model by Hawkins (Captain and HF
consultant for KLM)
 Introduction L-L interface (CRM)
SHELL Model
• Risk inherent to human activity
– Human is at the center of Safety
• Risks lay in interactions between Human
and its context
• SHELL permits to identify factors that
weaken the system in direct relation with
persons and organisms
Human centered system
Disintegration forces
SHELL Model
Human / machine
Hardware
Machines,
ergonomics,
calculators...
Human / system support
Software
Manuals,
procedures,
documentation
Human / human
Liveware
Physical,
psychological,
workload...
Liveware
Communication,
CRM…
Environment
Social,
operational factors,
ATC...
Human / environment
SHELL, modified by Hawkins 1987
SHELL Model (more detailed)
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)HARDWARE/ SOFTWARE
INTERFACE
HARDWARE
INFORMATION
DATA SOURCES
AUTOMATION
AUTOMATIC SYSTEMS
SOFTWARE/
FIRMWARE
AUTOMATIC
PROTECTIONS/
ALARMES
COCKPIT EQUIPMENT
COCKPIT DESIGN
DATA SOURCES
FIRMWARE
AUTOMATION
DESIGN AND
FUNCTIONALITY
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT
OTHER THAN
COCKPIT DESIGN
COMMUNICATIONS
MEDIA
SOFTWARE
USE OF AUTOMATION
OTHER
OPERATIONAL
MATERIAL
COCKPIT WARNINGS
FLIGHT DECK MANUALS
CHECKLISTS
AND CHARTS
ATC ALARMS/ALERTS
ATC OPERATIONAL
MATERIAL
OTHER DEFENCES
WARNINGS
MAINTENANCE
ENGINEERING
MATERIAL
AIRCRAFT
MAINTENANCE
EQUIPMENT
SUITABILITY OF
DESIGN/ ERGONOMICS
FOR TRAINING
PURPOSES
OPERATIONAL
MATERIAL – OTHER
ATC EQUIPMENT
SUITABILITY OF
DESIGN FOR
MAINTENANCE
PURPOSES
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)
SYSTEM SUPPORT
INTERFACE
PROCEDURES
SOPS
TRAINING
OTHER
PROCEDURES
BASIC/ INITIAL
TRAINING
EMERGENCY
AND ABNORMAL
PROCEDURES
SIMULATOR
TRAINING
ATC
PROCEDURES
ON-THE JOB
TRAINING
AERODROME
PROCEDURES
EMERGENCY
TRAINING
MAINTENANCE
PROCEDURES
CRM/ TRM
TRAINING
COMPANY
PROCEDURES
RECURRENT
TRAINING
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)
OTHER
HUMAN - SYSTEM
SYSTEM SUPPORT
ISSUES
MISCELLANEOUS
TRAINING
ISSUES
PHYSICAL
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
SENSORY
LIMITATIONS
OTHER
PHYSIOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
WORKLOAD
MANAGEMENT
HEALTH
FITNESS
LIFESTYLE
ACTION
ERROR
JUDGEMENT
ILLNESS
INCAPACITATION
PLANNING
KNOWLEDGE
ACQUISITION
LEARNING
ILLUSIONS
FATIGUE
ALERTNESS
OTHER
INFORMATION
PROCESSING
DECISION MAKING
PRIORITIZATION
TASK SCHEDULING
EXPERIENCE
AND QUALIFICATIONS
TIMING
RECENCY
TASK SHEDDING
SITUATIONAL
AWARENESS
ATTENTION
PERCEPTION
MONITORING
PERSONALITY
AND ATTITUDES
SKILL
TECHNIQUE
ABILITY
MENTAL
EMOTIONAL STATE
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)
INTERFACE
EXPERIENCE
QUALIFICATIONS
RECENCY
AND KNOWLEDGE
COMMUNICATIONS
KNOWLEDGE
TASK ALLOCATION
OTHER
WORKLOAD MANAGEMENT
LIVEWARE (HUMAN)
ENVIRONMENT INTERFACE
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL
AERODROME
LANDING
TAKEOFF SITE
AIR TRAFFIC
SERVICE
JOB SATISFACTION
INFORMATION
WEATHER
VISUAL
CONDITIONS
MORALE/MOTIVATION
WORKSPACE
ENVIRONMENT
OTHER
HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT
INTERFACE
CULTURAL ISSUES
DOMESTIC ISSUES
OTHER
COMPANY
MANAGEMENT
MANNING
REGULATORY ISSUES
OPERATIONAL
TASK DEMANDS
PRESSURES
LABOUR RELATIONS
HIGH WORKLOAD
TIME PRESSURES
MANAGEMENT
PERSONNEL POLICIES
MANNING
OPERATIONAL
MENTAL PRESSURE
TRAINING
EXAMINATION
CHECK SITUATION
REGULATORY
AUTHORITY
POLICIES
AND PRACTICES
MISCELLANEOUS
OPERATIONAL
TASK DEMANDS
INTERACTIONS
TEAM SKILLS
CRM/TRM
SUPERVISION
ORAL
COMMUNICATIONS
TEAM SKILLS/ CRM
OPERATIONAL
SUPERVISION
WRITE
READ
COMMUNICATIONS
FORMAL
COORDINATION
SUPERVISION
DURING TRAINING
VISUAL SIGNALS
SHIFT/ WATCH
TEAM CHANGEOVER
QUALITY CONTROL
OTHER
INTERACTIONS
STANDARDS
REGULATORY ACTIVITIES
OTHER
HUMAN HUMAN
INTERFACE
REGULATORY
PROCEDURES
MONITORING
(REGULATION)
REGULATORY
STANDARDS
SURVEILLANCE
REGULATION
AUDIT
INSPECTIONS
CHECKS
Module N° 6
Explanatory Factors
SHELL Model