1
 Accepted

1.
DSM-V definition:
Behavioral, cognitive, and/or emotional
dysfunctions
2.
Unexpected in cultural context
3.
Personal distress
4.
Substantial impairment in function
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-V (DSM-V) outlines
criteria for disorders based on prototypes/typical
profiles
2
 Study
of psychological
disorders

description, causes (etiology),
assessment, and treatment
 Scientist-practitioner



model
Staying current.
Objectively evaluating assessment
and treatment efficacy.
Conducting scientific research.
 http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=mNoRxCRJ-Y0
3
 As
understanding of abnormal behavior
changes, so do treatment approaches.
 Traditions



of understanding psychopathology:
Supernatural
Biological
Psychological
4
 supernatural
tradition: psychological problems
have supernatural causes; mental illness is a battle
between good and evil


exorcism: religious ritual performed to eliminate evil
spirits
Modern examples?

Astrology
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z11DeKK
13vM&NR=1
 Barnum effect

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
 Father of modern Western
medicine


Etiology = a combination of, brain
pathology, head trauma, genetics,
psychosocial factors, stress, and
family factors
Galen (129-198 AD)
 Humoral theory of mental illness

Treatments = bloodletting and
inducing vomit
6
 Syphilis
STD with psychosis-like symptoms (i.e.,
delusions and hallucinations)
 Etiology = bacterial microorganism

 The
1930’s
 Insulin shock therapy
 Brain surgery
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6
ILk
 20,000 procedures by early 1950’s
 Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)
 Remains a treatment for depression
7

The 1950’s
◦ Psychotropic medications
 Increasingly available
 Systematically developed
◦
Antipsychotic medication (Neuroleptics)
 Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), Reserpine and
treatment of psychosis
◦
Anti-anxiety medication (Tranquilizers)
 Benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax) and
treatment of anxiety

Cons of medications
8
Bethlem Royal Hospital (a.k.a. Bedlam)
opened in 1403 as a hospital for mentally ill
in London
 Became infamous for brutal treatment



18th century - people paid admission to see
“lunatics”
Could bring a stick to poke patients
 Moral
Therapy
 “Moral” = emotional or psychological
 Frequent observation and human contact
 Encouraging social interaction
 Individual attention
 Pinel was originator

Replaced bleeding and other treatments with
moral therapy
10
 Id
Pleasure principle
 Illogical, emotional, irrational

 Ego
Reality principle
 Logical and rational

 Superego
Moral principles
 “Conscience”

11
 Ego
 Loss
fights to stay on top of the Id and Superego
of control = anxiety
 Coping
strategies include:
 Displacement
 Denial
 Rationalization
 Reaction formation
 Projection
 Repression
 Sublimation
12
 free
association: saying freely whatever
comes to mind
 catharsis: release of emotional material
 transference: client transfers emotional
feelings for his or her parents to the
therapist
 countertransference: therapist transfers
feelings for significant others onto the
client

Theoretical constructs
◦ Intrinsic goodness
◦ Striving for self-actualization
◦ “Blocked” growth

Person-centered therapy
◦ Carl Rogers (1902–1987)

Hierarchy of Needs
◦ Abraham Maslow
◦ (1908-1970)
14

Therapeutic process
◦ Unconditional positive
regard
◦ Empathy
◦ Non-directive, clientcentered approach
◦ http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=RX_Y3zUP
zEo&feature=related

Outcomes
◦ Efficacy data is limited
◦ Limitation: Severe
psychopathology
15

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
◦
Ever-present form of learning of
relationships(associations) in our
environment
◦
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
 Unconditioned response (UCR)
◦
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
 Conditioned response (CR)
16

Behaviorism--John B. Watson (1878 - 1958)
 “Little Albert” experiment
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxOrPQE
 Concept of stimulus generalization.

Skinner (1904 - 1990)
 Operant Conditioning: learning from consequences
 Reinforcements and Punishments
 Behavior “shaping”
 Reinforce “successive approximations”
in order to train a complex behavior
17

Mary Cover Jones
◦ Rabbit phobia extinguished by exposure
and modeling

Joseph Wolpe (1915 -1997)
◦ Systematic desensitization
◦ Relaxation
18