Passenger
pigeon
Great auk
Dodo
Dusky seaside
sparrow
Aepyornis
(Madagascar)
Figure 12-2
Page 225
Slide 1
Grizzly bear
(threatened)
Kirtland's
warbler
White top
pitcher plant
Arabian oryx
(Middle East)
African elephant
(Africa)
Mojave desert
tortoise
(threatened)
Swallowtail
butterfly
Humpback
chub
Golden lion
tamarin
(Brazil)
Siberian tiger
(Siberia)
Figure 12-3a
Page 226
Slide 2
West Virginia
Giant panda
spring salamander (China)
Mountain gorilla
(Africa)
Pine barrens
tree frog
(male)
Whooping
crane
Knowlton
cactus
Swamp
pink
Hawksbill sea
turtle
Blue whale
El Segundo blue
butterfly
Figure 12-3b
Page 226
Slide 3
Florida
manatee
Devil's hole
pupfish
Ghost bat
(Australia)
Northern spotted
owl (threatened)
Snow leopard
(Central Asia)
California
condor
Gray wolf
Florida panther
Symphonia
(Madagascar)
Black-footed
ferret
Black lace
cactus
Black rhinoceros
(Africa)
Bannerman's
turaco (Africa)
Utah prairie dog
(threatened)
Oahu tree
snail
Figure 12-3c
Page 227
Slide 4
Characteristic
Examples
Low reproductive rate
(K-strategist)
Blue whale, giant panda,
rhinoceros
Specialized niche
Blue whale, giant panda,
Everglades kite
Narrow distribution
Many island species,
elephant seal, desert pupfish
Feeds at high trophic
level
Bengal tiger, bald eagle,
grizzly bear
Fixed migratory patterns
Blue whale, whooping crane,
sea turtles
Rare
Many island species,
African violet, some orchids
Commercially valuable
Snow leopard, tiger,
elephant, rhinoceros,
rare plants and birds
Large territories
California condor, grizzly
bear, Florida panther
Figure 12-4
Page 228
Slide 5
34% (51% of freshwater species)
Fish
24%
Mammals
20%
Reptiles
Plants
Birds
14%
12%
Figure 12-5
Page 228
Slide 6
Habitat
loss
Overfishing
Pollution
Habitat degradation
and fragmentation
Climate change
Commercial
hunting and poaching
Introducing
nonnative species
Predator and pest control
Sale of exotic pets
and decorative plants
Secondary Causes
•Population growth
•Rising resource use
•No environmental
accounting
•Poverty
Basic Causes
Figure 12-6
Page 231
Slide 7
Range 100 years ago
Range today
(about 2,300 left)
Indian Tiger
Figure 12-7a
Page 232
Slide 8
Range in 1700
Range today
(about 2,400 left)
Black Rhino
Figure 12-7b
Page 232
Slide 9
Probable range 1600
Range today
(300,000 left)
African Elephant
Figure 12-7c
Page 232
Slide 10
Former range
Range today
(34,000–54,000 left)
Asian or Indian Elephant
Figure 12-7d
Page 232
Slide 11
Cerulean warbler
Florida scrub jay
Sprague’s pipit
Bichnell’s thrush
California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler
Blacked-capped vireo
Golden-cheeked
warbler
Henslow’s sparrow
Bachman’s warbler
Figure 12-8
Page 233
Slide 12
Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 13
Purple looselife
European starling
African honeybee
(“Killer bee”)
Marine toad
Water hyacinth
Japanese beetle
Nutria
Deliberately introduced Species
Salt cedar
(Tamarisk)
Hydrilla
European wild boar
(Feral pig)
Figure 12-9a
Page 235
Slide 14
Sea lamprey
(attached to lake trout)
Argentina fire ant
Brown tree snake
Eurasian muffle
Common pigeon
(Rock dove)
Formosan termite
Zebra mussel
Asian long-horned
beetle
Asian tiger mosquito
Gypsy moth larvae
Accidentally introduced Species
Figure 12-9b
Page 235
Slide 15
Figure 12-10
Page 236
Slide 16
1918
2000
Figure 12-11
Page 236
Slide 17
Characteristics of
Successful
Invader Species
Characteristics of
Ecosystems Vulnerable
to Invader Species
• High reproductive rate,
short generation time
(r-selected species)
• Similar climate to habitat of
invader
• Pioneer species
• Absence of predators on
invading species
• Long lived
• High dispersal rate
• Release growthinhibiting chemicals into
soil
• Generalists
• High genetic variability
• Early successional systems
• Low diversity of native
species
• Absence of fire
• Disturbed by human
activities
Figure 12-12
Page 238
Slide 18
2
4
3
5
Top Six Hot Spots
6
1 Hawaii
2 San Francisco Bay area
3 Southern Appalachians
4 Death Valley
5 Southern California
6 Florida Panhandle
Concentration of rare species
1
Figure 12-14
Page 242
Low
Moderate
High
Slide 19
North American-South
American flyways
European-African
flyways
Asian flyways
Figure 12-15
Page 246
Slide 20
What Can You Do?
Protecting Species
• Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other
materials made from endangered or
threatened animal species.
• Do not buy wood and paper products
produced by cutting remaining old-growth
forests in the tropics.
• Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish,
and other animals that are taken from the wild.
• Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants
that are taken from the wild.
Figure 12-16
Page 249
Slide 21
Humans affect biodiversity interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 22
Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction.
Click to view
animation.
Animation
Slide 23