ARE YOU ADDICTED?
Substance Use and College Life
TRENDS
• Binge drinking is 5 or
more drinks in a row.
• Over 20% of high
school seniors report
having binge drank
in the last two
weeks.
• Monitoring the
Future Survey,
2012
TRENDS
• Around 40% of college students engage in
binge drinking frequently enough that they
might qualify for the diagnosis “Alcohol Use
Disorder” the proposed diagnosis for the
DSM 5.
TRENDS
• In 2010, approximately 10% more college
students consumed alcohol in the past 30 days
than non-college students in the same age
group. (63% vs. 52%)
• Since 2002 there has been a slight increase in
binge drinking and drinking and driving
amongst college students.
• Hart & Ksir, 2013
TRENDS
• Approximately
45% of high
school seniors
report having used
marijuana before
graduation.
TRENDS
• Approximately 7% report using marijuana
daily.
• Monitoring the Future Survey
• These numbers are expected to be equal
or higher for college students.
TRENDS
• Approximately 24%
of high school
seniors report
lifetime use of any
other illicit drug
other than
marijuana.
• Monitoring the
Future Survey
TRENDS
• Common drugs of
abuse on college
campuses excluding
Marijuana include
Amphetamines
(Adderall, Ritalin,
etc) Prescription
pain medication,
Xanax,, and
Cocaine.
COLLEGE STRESS
• College students experience Acute Stress
(Midterm / Final Exams).
• College students experience Chronic Stress
(Competitive nature of college / getting into
Grad School).
• Substance use may be perceived as a way to cope with
this stress,
• But, it eventually may become a stressor in itself.
CAMPUS LIVING
• The frequency of binge drinking more than
doubles when high school seniors go off to
college, moving out of their parents home.
• There is very little change for those who
live at home and commute when
transitioning from high school to college.
• Steinberg, L.
ARE YOU ADDICTED?
• The use of a substance within a given year that results in three or more of
the following (DSM-IV-TR, 2004):
• Tolerance;
• Withdrawal;
• Increased consumption over a longer period of time than intended;
• A continued desire to cut down or control use;
• A lot of effort given toward obtaining the substance;
• Social, work, or recreational activities diminish as a result of use;
• Use continues despite having recurrent physical and psychological
problems.
ARE YOU ADDICTED?
• Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test
• http://counsellingresource.com/lib/quizzes/drugtesting/alcohol-mast/
• Self test, reliable, high validity
ARE YOU ADDICTED?
• CAGE:
• Have you ever felt you should cut down on your drinking?
• Have people annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
• Have you ever felt bad or guilty about your drinking?
• Have you ever had a drink first thing in the morning to
steady nerves or get rid of a hangover?
• Scoring: Two or three affirmative answers indicate a drinking
problem. Four positive answers indicate alcoholism.
THE NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS “AM I AN
ADDICT” BROCHURE QUESTIONS:
• Do you ever use alone?
• Have you ever substituted one
drug for another, thinking that
one particular drug was the
problem?
• Have you ever manipulated or
lied to a doctor to obtain
prescription drugs?
• Have you ever stolen drugs or
stolen to obtain drugs?
• Do you regularly use a drug
when you wake up or when you
go to bed?
• Have you ever taken one drug to
overcome the effects of another?
• Do you avoid people or places
that do not approve of you using
drugs?
• Have you ever used a drug
without knowing what it was or
what it would do to you?
• Has your job or school
performance ever suffered from
the effects of your drug use?
Red highlighting for discussion purposes only.
THE NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS “AM I AN
ADDICT” BROCHURE QUESTIONS:
• Have you ever been arrested as
a result of using drugs?
• Does using interfere with your
sleeping or eating?
• Have you ever lied about what or
how much you use?
• Does the thought of running out
of drugs terrify you?
• Do you put the purchase of drugs
ahead of your financial
responsibilities?
• Do you feel it is impossible for
you to live without drugs?
• Have you ever tried to stop or
control your using?
• Do you ever question your own
sanity?
• Have you ever been in a jail,
hospital, or drug rehabilitation
center because of your using?
• Is your drug use making life at
home unhappy?
THE NARCOTICS ANONYMOUS “AM I AN
ADDICT” BROCHURE QUESTIONS:
• Have you ever thought you
couldn’t fit in or have a good time
without drugs?
• Have you ever felt defensive,
guilty, or ashamed about your
using?
• Have you ever taken drugs you
didn’t prefer?
• Have you ever used drugs
because of emotional pain or
stress?
• Do you think a lot about drugs?
• Have you ever overdosed on any
drugs?
• Have you had irrational or
indefinable fears?
• Do you continue to use despite
negative consequences?
• Has using affected your sexual
relationships?
• Do you think you might have a
drug problem?
ARE YOU ADDICTED?
• Addiction isn’t exclusively about
substances.
• Many who work in the field of addiction
treatment recognize Process Addictions
• Process Addictions include Exercise,
Gambling, Sex, Shopping, Food, and
Internet addictions, among potential others.
• Berry, Ramnath, 2012
ARE YOU ADDICTED?
• Do you have an excessive preoccupation with the activity?
• Do you experience tension, buildup, or anxiety prior to
engaging in the activity?
• Do you experience euphoria, excitement, relief, or
gratification during or after engagement?
• Have social, academic, or occupational roles been
affected by this behavior?
• Do you continue to engage in these activities despite
negative consequences?
• Are you unable to stop the behavior?
• Berry, Ramnath, 2012
REFERENCES
•
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th
ed., text rev.).
•
Berry, W.; Ramnath, R. (2012). Addiction: a human experience.
•
Hart, C.; Ksir, C. (2013). Drugs, society, and human behavior; (15th edition)
•
Monitoring The Future Survey. (2012). The University of Michigan. Retrieved from:
http://www.monitoringthefuture.org/data/data.html
•
Narcotics Anonymous Brochure “Am I an addict”.
•
Steinberg, L. (2011). Adolescence.
•
Szalavitz, M.(2013). Mental health manual changes may turn binge drinkers into mild alcoholics.
TIME.com. Retrieved from: http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/24/health/dsm-alcoholtime/index.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+rss/c
nn_health+(RSS:+Health)&utm_content=Google+Reader
•
Photo Credit Alexi Berry