Models/Theories review
• Best advice:
Review for this quiz in ‘full screen
mode’ (F5) so you can look at
models without seeing answers.
Continue filling out your chart with
info on the Geographers and their
models/theories
Most important Geographers
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
Alonso
• Bid Rent theory
John Borchert
•
• 1) Sail-Wagon Epoch (1790-1830) - associated with
low technology
• 2) Iron Horse Epoch (1830-70); steam-powered
locomotive & spreading rails
• 3) Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920); full impact of Ind.
Rev. (steel), hinterlands expand
• 4) Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-70); gas-powered
internal combustion engine
• High Technology Epoch (1970-today ); expansion
of service & information industries (not part of
Borchert's model)
• Transportation &
Urbanization model:
The American Epochs
•
Five distinct periods in the history of
American urbanization. Each epoch is
characterized by the impact of a particular
transport technology on the creation and
differential rates of growth of American
cities.
• Norman Borlaug
• RIP, 2009 
• Green Revolution
• Esther Boserup
• Population and
economic growth
theory
Not the worry wart regarding population
• ERNST BURGESS
• CONCENTRIC ZONE
MODEL OF URBAN
GROWTH
Burgess and Urban = BURban
• H. Carey
The Gravity Model
for Migration
• CHRISTALLER
• CENTRAL PLACE
THEORY OF
URBAN/SERVICES
DEVELOPMENT
• SubSaharan City
model
• DeBlij
Jared Diamond Guns, Germs, and Steel
(1937-)
(1997); geographic
luck(environmental
determinism)
• Ford/Griffin
• Latin American city
model
• Edge Cities/ Urbanization
• Joel Garreau
• Gimbutas
•
•
Kurgan hypothesis
In 1956 Gimbutas introduced
her Kurgan hypothesis, which
combined archaeological study of
the distinctive Kurgan burial
mounds with linguistics to unravel
some problems in the study of
theProto-Indo-European (PIE)
speaking peoples, whom she
dubbed the "Kurgans"; namely, to
account for their origin and to
trace their migrations into Europe.
• HARRIS & ULLMAN
• MULTIPLE NUCLEI
MODEL OF URBAN
GROWTH
Multiple names =
multiple nuclei
• Harold Hotelling
• Industry –
– Locational
interdependence
– Ice cream/Starbucks theory
• HOMER HOYT
Homer / sector
• SECTOR MODEL OF
URBAN GROWTH
• Koppen
• Climate classifications
• August Losch
• Industrialization –
– Profit
maximization
– Lots of money-Losch
– ‘$$ make me happy’ guy
• Thomas Malthus
• Theory of
overpopulation
• HALFORD
MAKINDER
• HEARTLAND
THEORY OF
POLITICAL POWER
MaKINDer is kind HEARTed
• Alfred Mahan
• Sea power theory of
political growth
• McGee
• SE Asian
city model
• PETER MULLER
• SUBURBANIZATION
+
TRANSPORTATION
ANALYSIS IN
URBAN REGIONS
Muller = Mules TRANSPORT
• Omran
•
epidemiological transition is a
phase of development witnessed
by a sudden and stark increase in
population growth rates brought
about by medical innovation in
disease or sickness therapy and
treatment, followed by a releveling of population growth from
subsequent declines in fertility
rates
• FRIEDRICH RATZEL
• ORGANIC THEORY
OF STATE GROWTH
• + ENVIRONMENTAL
DETERMINISM Natural surroundings
A RAT is ORGANIC/alive
rule human action
RATs live in the environment
• Ernst Ravenstein
RAVENS fly/ MIGRATE
• Gravity model of
migration + Laws of
Migration
• Collin Renfrew
CoLLin/Language…..
• Language diffusion by
agricultural means
• Walter Rostow
•
Stages of
economic
growth/development
•
Be able to
name the
stages
w/country
examples
RostOW = economic grOWth
• Carl Sauer
•
•
Possiblism/Landscape Theory states that the
cultural landscape is shaped by humans and
various cultural aspects of their culture.
Examples- Humans have altered the physical
environment in many ways including the
architecture humans build, the toponyms placed on
certain locations, burial practices, and sacred sites
that are established.
• Possibilism
• Humans can alter
their environment
Hoover Dam – changing the landscape
• Nicholas Spykman
SPYKE the RIM
• He who controls the
Rimland, controls the
world – political
systems theory
• Taylor and Lang
• World Cities Model
tAyLor / LAng
L.A. is a world city
• Warren Thompson
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
• VON THUNEN
Not Burgess,
but look the same.
• AGRICULTURAL
ACTIVITIES IN AN
ISOLATED STATE
SURROUND A
MARKET ZONE
THAT IS CIRCULAR
• Immanuel Wallerstein
Wallerstein = World
• World Systems
Theory / CorePeriphery model
• Alfred Weber
Cheap guy/theory
• Least Cost theory and
Industrial location
theory
Alfred Wegener
Continental drift (1915): hypothesized that
the continents were slowly drifting around
the Earth. His hypothesis was not accepted
until the 1950s, when numerous discoveries
provided conclusive evidence (plate
tectonics).
• Wilber Zelinsky
• G. Zipf
• Rank-size rule for
sizes of cities
Tinbergen/Reilly
Gravity model/Retail gravitation
Reilly's law of retail gravitation
1931
Customers may be willing to travel longer
distances to larger retail centers as long
as they are large enough.
The law presumes the geography of the
area is flat without any rivers, roads or
mountains to alter a consumer's decision
of where to travel to buy goods. It also
assumes consumers are indifferent
between the actual cities.
In analogy with Newton's law of
gravitation, the point of indifference is the
point at which the "attractiveness" of the
two retail centres (postulated to be
proportional to their size and inversely
Zipf
gravity model of migration
The gravity model takes into
account the population size
of two places and their
distance. Since larger places
attract people, ideas, and
commodities more than
smaller places and places
closer together have a
greater attraction, the
gravity model incorporates
these two features.
The relative strength of a bond
between two places is
determined by multiplying the
population of city A by the
population of city B and then
dividing the product by the
distance between the two cities
squared.
Singer & Prebisch
Dependency Theory 1949
•
Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization
model;
•
It takes a structuralist view (stating
that regional disparities are the
result of historically derived power
relations within the global
economic and political system,
and therefore cannot be changed
easily).
•
The export-driven economies of developing countries
(trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have
declined in value as compared with manufactured
goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer
areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of
richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred
(neocolonialism).
Marx
Socialism eco theory
• Marx contended
that capitalism
promotes class
struggle and an
unequal distribution
of wealth (and
food); socialism
promotes the equal
distribution of
power and wealth
(and food).
Ullman
spatial interaction model
•
•
•
•
Interaction and trade are based on three
phenomena:
1. Complementarity – the demands of one
region match the surplus products of
another (e.g., Florida orange juice shipped
to the Northeast US). Regions with
surpluses have a comparative advantage
(the ability of a region to specialize in an
economic activity, such as production, at a
lower cost and greater efficiency than
another region).
2. Intervening opportunity – the presence of
a nearer opportunity diminishes the
attractiveness of sites farther away
3. Transferability - the ease (or difficulty) in
which goods may be transported from one
area to another
Stouffer
Law of intervening opps
• The number of persons • (The squirrel factor)
going a given distance
is directly proportional
to the number of
opportunities at that
distance and inversely
proportional to the
number of intervening
opportunities”
Vance
urban realms model
•
Urban-Realms Model (1964): each
realm is a separate economic, social
and political entity that is linked
together to form a larger metropolitan
framework. Independent suburban
downtowns are the foci of the urban
realms, yet they are within the
sphere of influence of the central city
and its metropolitan CBD. * An urban
realm is likely to become more
selfsufficient if the overall metropolis
is large, if the economic activity in the
region is decentralized, if there are
topographical barriers that isolate the
realm, and/or if there is good internal
accessibility to transportation
(especially to an airport) * Today,
urban realms have become, so large
they have developed exurbs (rings of
prosperous communities beyond the
suburbs that are commuter towns for
an urban area)
Ricardo: Galactic city model
•
Peripheral Model (Galactic
City Model): the US urban
area consists of an inner
city surrounded by large
suburban residential and
business areas tied together
by transportation nodes
(e.g., a beltway or ring road
to avoid traffic congestion).
The periphery acts as a
functional metropolitan
complex, not a series of
separate CBDs. It
represents urban
decentralization (with an
increase in edge cities) and
the US transcendence into
a postindustrial society
(from predominantly
secondary economic
activities to tertiary,
quaternary, and quinary
activities).
Neo colonialism
Core periphery/World Systems
Most important Models/Theories
Be able to match the person to their theory/model
Be able to recognize/classify the theory/model
• Anatolian Hearth
theory
• Correlation b/t source
areas of 3 agricultural
centers and 3 major
languages
Turkey/agriculture/food/language
• Central Place Theory
• Spatial distribution of
cities/service centers
is a hexagon w/CP in
the middle
Chrystals…
• Core-Periphery model
• World systems
• Places/regions can’t
develop equally,
somebody has to be
poor!
• Demographic
Transition Model
• Birth and mortality
rates are tied to
stages of
development
• Demographic Transition
•
Holds that slowing population growth is
attributable to
– improved economic production
–
•
and higher standards of living brought
about by changes in medicine,
education and sanitation.
Overcrowding is a reflection of
the Carrying Capacity and
not the numbers per unit area.
(Carrying Capacity is the # of
people an area can support on a
sustained basis given the
prevailing technology.)
• Dependency Theory
Tied to Neo-colonialism
• Poor country’s
economy is tied to a
rich country, usually
it’s former colonizer
• Gravity model of
migration
• Relationship b/t
volume of migration
and distance from
source & destination
‘Black Hole’ city
is inverse
• Heartland Theory
Mackinder's Heartland
(also known as the
Pivot Area) is the core
area of Eurasia, and
the World-Island is all
of Eurasia (both
Europe and Asia).
• He who controls
Europe, controls the
world
‘Who rules East Europe
commands the Heartland
Who rules the Heartland
commands the World-Island
Who rules the World-Island
commands the world’
• Least Cost/Location
Theory
Cheap theory
• Minimizing
transportation costs
• Migration Theory
• Push-Pull Forces
impact choices
• FORCED
• VOLUNTARY
• IMPELLED
• CHAIN
• Concentric Zone
Model
• Burgess
????
• Focus on CBD
importance b/c CBD
is at the center of the
model
• Multiple Nuclei model
• CBD is not as
important, urban
areas develop several
CBDs
• Sector model
• Based on urban
transportation routes
and bid rent prices
• World Systems
Theory
• Development is
applicable across
scales – local to
regional to global
• Five distinct periods
in the history of
American
urbanization.
• Each epoch is
characterized by the
impact of a particular
transport technology
on the creation and
differential rates of
growth of American
cities.
• Urbanization:
American
Epochs
• Edge Cities/ Urbanization
• ‘Where there is a
Target, there is also
a….’
• Industry –
– Locational
interdependence
– Ice cream/
starbucks theory
• Industrialization –
–Profit
maximization
–‘$$ make me
happy’ guy
Gravity model/Retail gravitation
Retail - Reilly
Zipf’s Gravity model of migration
The gravity model
takes into account
the population size of
two places and their
distance. Since larger
places attract people,
ideas, and
commodities more
than smaller places
and places closer
together have a
greater attraction,
the gravity model
incorporates these
two features.
The relative strength of a bond
between two places is
determined by multiplying the
Dependency Theory 1949
•
Is a critique of Rostow’s Modernization
model;
•
It takes a structuralist view (stating
that regional disparities are the
result of historically derived power
relations within the global
economic and political system,
and therefore cannot be changed
easily).
•
The export-driven economies of developing countries
(trading mostly raw materials and commodities that have
declined in value as compared with manufactured
goods) limit the development possibilities of poorer
areas; this dependency helps sustain the prosperity of
richer regions, even after decolonization had occurred
(neocolonialism).
Socialism eco theory
• Marx contended that
capitalism promotes
class struggle and an
unequal distribution
of wealth (and food);
socialism promotes
the equal distribution
of power and wealth
(and food).
Spatial interaction model
•
•
•
•
Interaction and trade are based on three
phenomena:
1. Complementarity – the demands of one
region match the surplus products of
another (e.g., Florida orange juice shipped
to the Northeast US). Regions with
surpluses have a comparative advantage
(the ability of a region to specialize in an
economic activity, such as production, at a
lower cost and greater efficiency than
another region).
2. Intervening opportunity – the presence of
a nearer opportunity diminishes the
attractiveness of sites farther away
3. Transferability - the ease (or difficulty) in
which goods may be transported from one
area to another
Law of intervening opps
•
The number of persons going a
given distance is directly
proportional to the number of
opportunities at that distance and
inversely proportional to the number
of intervening opportunities”
• (The squirrel factor)
Urban realms model
•
Urban-Realms Model (1964): each realm is
a separate economic, social and political
entity that is linked together to form a larger
metropolitan framework. Independent
suburban downtowns are the foci of the
urban realms, yet they are within the sphere
of influence of the central city and its
metropolitan CBD. * An urban realm is likely
to become more selfsufficient if the overall
metropolis is large, if the economic activity
in the region is decentralized, if there are
topographical barriers that isolate the realm,
and/or if there is good internal accessibility
to transportation (especially to an airport) *
Today, urban realms have become, so large
they have developed exurbs (rings of
prosperous communities beyond the
suburbs that are commuter towns for an
urban area)
Galactic city
•
Peripheral Model (Galactic
City Model): the US urban
area consists of an inner city
surrounded by large suburban
residential and business areas
tied together by transportation
nodes (e.g., a beltway or ring
road to avoid traffic
congestion). The periphery
acts as a functional
metropolitan complex, not a
series of separate CBDs. It
represents urban
decentralization (with an
increase in edge cities) and
the US transcendence into a
postindustrial society (from
predominantly secondary
economic activities to tertiary,
quaternary, and quinary
activities).
Neo colonialism
Core periphery
Connecting Agri/Ind/Medical
revs to urbanization
• Good review sites >
https://sites.google.com/
site/geographymajorthe
ories/
Models/Theories > http
://teacherweb.ftl.pinecre
st.edu/snyderd/mwh/ap/
apgeographers.htm
• Prezi for Models and
Theories > http://prezi.com/qui
gwfyvfnoy/ap-humangeography-models-andtheories/
Prezi #2
> http://prezi.com/wkppdgvqnt
1d/ap-human-geographymodels/
Flash cards for
models/theories > http://quizl
et.com/2260847/ap-humangeography-models-theoriesflash-cards/