Certificatie van glazen cockpits
Peter Broos
en
Ron van de Leijgraaf
Overzicht
• Introductie
• Avionics certificatie
• Flight certificatie
• Enkele slot opmerkingen
Inleiding
• Toename van geïntegreerde cockpit systemen
in commuter aircraft en general aviation
• Tot voor kort dergelijke systemen alleen bij
transportvliegtuigen
• Technische eisen moeten aangepast worden
– Eisen uit CS 25 naar CS 23
Avionica certificatie
• Een dergelijke cockpit installatie is een complex systeem
• Tot voor kort dergelijke systemen niet in general aviation
• Belangrijkste set van eisen:
– Systeem moet doen waar het voor ontworpen is (xx.1301)
– Faalkans van het systeem moet omgekeerd evenredig zijn met
de ernst van de gevolgen van het falen (xx.1309)
• Detail eisen voor componenten
• Eisen ‘lenen’ van large transport aircraft (bijv. HMI)
IVW - EASA Flight Test
EASA Flight Test Team
• Test Pilot
• Flight Test Engineer
Responsibilities
• Handling
• Performance
• Human Factors
Recent Certification projects
CS 25 Large Aeroplanes
• Boeing 747-8
• Gulfstream G 280
CS 23 Small Aeroplanes
• Cessna Citation Mustang
• Citation Proline 21
• Eclipse 500
Eclipse 500
Avio NG
Main features
• Three Display Cockpit
• Three Multi Function Displays
• Bezel Button Control
• Dual (Redundant) Flight
Management Systems (FMS)
• Auto Throttles
• Synthetic Vision
• Enhanced Vision
Cessna Citation Mustang
Garmin G1000
Main features
• Three Display Cockpit
• Dual TFT LCD Control Display
Units Primary Flight Displays
• Single TFT LCD Control Display
Multi-Function Display
• Single Remote Flight
Management System
• Control keyboard
• Three Axis Automatic Flight
Control System
Gulfstream G280
Rockwell Collins Proline Fusion
Main Features
• Seven Display Cockpit
• Three Multi Function Displays with
four individual configurable windows
on each display
• Dual Standby MFD
• Dual Control Display Units
• Dual Multi Function Controller
• Dual Fail-active 3–axis Autopilot
• Auto Throttles
• Optional HUD, EVS and SVS
What is “new”?
• Highly Integrated systems
• Loads of functionality
• New Crew interfaces
• Lots of Gadgets
• Many different ways to use
• Complex failure modes
Hence:
• No simple Evaluation
Human Factors
• Most Manufacturers believe they are
on top of the HF subject
• The common opinion is that the HF
subject is sufficiently covered during
the design process
• Very few manufacturers approach
the HF subject in a structured
manner
• Changing this attitude still is a big
issue on the side of the certification
authorities
Workload (1)
CS 25.1523
Minimum Flight Crew
To determine the workload
the following needs to be
representative:
• Test Crews
• Test conditions
• Flight Profiles
• Procedures
Workload (2)
Results
• Workload measures
• Success Criteria
• Risk Assessment
Crew Error (1)
• All Systems are allowed to fail according to a
certain probability (avionics)
• In this case the pilot needs to solve the
problem by correctly executing the appropriate
procedures
• Even if the aircraft is on fire, or the battery life
is just sufficient to operate the aircraft for half
an hour including engine control at FL 410, the
pilot is not assumed to make an error using a
complex procedure.
Crew Error (2)
Goal of HF proces
• Identification of potential
hazardous conditions
resulting from the use of
any new and novel flight
deck equipment, or
proneness to crew error
per CS 25.1302
• CS 25.1302 AMC 25.1302
• Installed Systems and
Equipment for Use by the
Flight Crew
• TABLE OF CONTENT
• 1. Purpose
• 2. Background
• 3. Scope and Assumptions
• 4. Certification Planning
• 5. Design Considerations
and Guidance
• 6. Means of Compliance
Testing
•
•
•
•
•
mock-ups,
part-task simulations
Avionic Benches
Full simulations,
In-flight evaluations
Tot slot
• Glazen cockpit is een complex systeem
• Vraagt om vergelijkbare certificatie eisen
• Opties in het systeem lijken eindeloos
• Groot risico hiervan is dat vlieger
‘de weg kwijt raakt in het systeem’
Vragen?