Memory
Atkinson and Shiffrin, (1968) classic
model of memory
Baddeley, (1992) ‘modern’ model of memory
Storage: Sensory Memory
Short-Term/Working Memory
On the next slides you will see a series of
numbers. I will also say the numbers out
loud. After I say the last number, the
numbers will disappear.
 Silently, write the numbers, in the exact
order, on your paper.

2831
74139
497215
5183926
16953472
362514798
6154983287
89316427513
STM – The Magic #7 +/- 2
•
Short-Term Memory – memory that holds
onto about seven sensory inputs for about
twenty seconds
Retrieval Cues
On each of the following slides will be a short
sentence. You should read it to yourself as I say it
out loud.
 At the end of all of the sentences, you will need to
write down as many of the sentences as you can
remember.
 You will only need to write the key words. For
example, if the sentence was:
“A bobby pin can be used as a key,”
you could simply write:
“Bobby pin, key.”

A brick can be used as a doorstop.
A ladder can be used as a bookshelf.
A wine bottle can be used as a candleholder.
A pan can be used as a drum.
A record can be used to serve potato chips.
A guitar can be used as a canoe paddle.
A leaf can be used as a bookmark.
An orange can be used to play catch.
A newspaper can be used to swat flies.
A TV antenna can be used as a clothes rack.
A sheet can be used as a sail.
A boat can be used as a shelter.
A bathtub can be used as a punch bowl.
A flashlight can be used to hold water.
A rock can be used as a paperweight.
A knife can be used to stir paint.
A pen can be used as an arrow.
A barrel can be used as a chair.
A rug can be used as a bedspread.
A telephone can be used as an alarm clock.
A scissors can be used to cut grass.
A board can be used as a ruler.
A balloon can be used as a pillow.
A shoe can be used to pound nails.
A dime can be used as a screwdriver.
A lampshade can be used as a hat.
Retrieval Cues
Write down the key words of as many
sentences that you can remember. The
sentences do not need to be in any
particular order.
 When you are finished, turn the paper
over and prepare to write as many of the
key words from the sentences again, but
this time you will be given a little help.

Flashlight
Sheet
Rock
Telephone
Boat
Dime
Wine bottle
Board
Pen
Balloon
Ladder
Record
TV antenna
Lampshade
Shoe
Guitar
Scissors
Leaf
Brick
Knife
Newspaper
Pan
Barrel
Rug
Orange
Bathtub
Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Next-in-line Effect
Encoding
Mnemonics
Peg word
 Method of loci
 Chunking


1776, 1812, 1861, 1898, 1917, 1941, 1950,
1963, 1991
Ebbinhaus’ retention curve
GOV, NUV,
LOM, KEL
Long-Term Memory
A Quick Exercise in LTM
Answer the following questions about everyday
things that should be in your LTM
1. Whose portrait is on the ten dollar bill?
2. What two letters do not appear on a standard
land phone?
3. What is the color of the top stripe of the
American flag?
4. The bottom stripe?
5. How many red and how many white stripes does
the flag have?
Retrieval

Recall vs. Recognition, Part 1
◦ Write down the number of any word that you
believe is misspelled.
1. Acomplishment
2. Acheivement
3. Consolidate
4. Consistant
5. Reccommend
6. Maintainance
Write out the word with the correct spelling.
Recall vs. Recognition, Part 1I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Accomplishment
Achievement
Consolidate
Consistent
Recommend
Maintenance
More recall vs. recognition

On the sheet of paper, write down as
many of the names of the seven dwarfs
from the Disney version of Snow White
and the 7 Dwarfs.
Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs
Sniffy
Ziggy
Happy
Skippy
Dopey
Stumbly
Doc
Giggly
Scooby
Grumpy
Stubby
Goofy
Bashful
Scrappy
Sleepy
Snoozy
Bossy
Sneezy
Wheezy
Giggles
Watch and listen carefully . . .
G X C OT R L M BW Q
Silently, begin counting backwards by threes
from 100 until I tell you to stop.
100 . . . 97 . . . 94 . . .
•
G X C OT R L M BW Q
Proactive or Retroactive Interference?
Proactive – (forward-acting) the disruptive
effect of prior learning on the recall of new
information
 Retroactive – (backward-acting) the
disruptive effect of new learning on the
recall of old information
