Thurgood Marshall,
the first black
Supreme Court
Justice. What case
did he argue that we
talked about in Ch
29 Sec 3?
Nonviolent Civil Rights Groups
SCLC
Stands
For:
Made up
of:
CORE
SNCC
Nonviolent Civil Rights Groups
SCLC
CORE
Stands
For:
Southern
Christian
Leadership
Conference
Congress of
Racial
Equality
Made up
of:
Church-based
Students
African Americans throughout the
from the south.
South. Mostly
African American
but some whites
also.
SNCC
Student
Nonviolent
Coordinating
Committee
Northern based
Civil Rights group
made of both
African Americans
and whites.
Sit-Ins
• What were they protesting
• Who led the protests
• Result
Freedom Riders
•
•
•
•
1960 Supreme Court Ruling
What group led the protests
Southern Response
Outcome
Freedom Rides
• Supreme Court rules that interstate travel
vehicles such as busses can’t be
segregated.
• CORE organizes integrated rides through
the South to expose violations.
• When busses reach Alabama violence
erupts. Busses bombed and people beat.
• Riders were arrested
• Kennedy sends in federal marshalls to
protect future rides…segregation on
Rides to expose violations of the supreme
court ruling that said segregation on busses
and in terminals was illegal.
Permanent brain damage
• Congressman John Lewis
was a freedom rider
Integrating Colleges
•
•
•
•
Brown v. Board
What college
Who?
Public reaction to an African American on
campus: - 375 & 2
• Meredith finally admitted
University of Mississippi
• Brown vs. Board integrated public schools
but not colleges.
• NAACP gets court order requiring the
university to admit James Meredith 1962
• When Meredith arrives Miss Governor
Ross Barnett blocks his entrance.
• Riots break out, 2 killed and 375 injured.
• Kennedy sends in armed troops and
Meredith is admitted and graduates.
+
http://www.youtube.com/watc
h?v=Mn4M8wmoPto
In 1966, during a voter registration
march Meredith was shot in the
back and leg…he survived.
What is needed for nonviolent
protests to be successful?
Albany Protests
Birmingham
Protests
What is needed for nonviolent
protests to be successful?
Protest:
Important
Notes about
the Protest
Success or
Failure:
Albany
Birmingham
Probably the most famous picture
from Birmingham
From prison King wrote his famous “Letter from
Birmingham Jail” defending peaceful protests and
demonstrations to advance the Civil Rights
Movement.
• "Injustice anywhere is
a threat to justice
everywhere"
• "justice too long
delayed is justice
denied."
The effect of Birmingham
• Kennedy asks Congress to enact legislation
outlawing segregation in public facilities.
• The SCLC organizes a march to D.C. to draw
attention to Kennedy’s request.
• King gives the “I Have a Dream” speech.
• Summarize this speech in 35 words or less.
I HAVE A DREAM
• MLK’s speech speaking of his vision of that the
U.S. could and should be
• Things to notice
– He references the Gettysburg Address and speaks
about the Emancipation Proclamation.
– He references the song “My country tis of thee”
– He references the Declaration of Independence by
saying “all men are created equal” and that they are
given “certain unalienable rights, that among these
are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
– He references the Bible through many quotes
– “Free At Last”
“Let Freedom Ring”
– http://www.windmillworks.com/gamesonline/clozegam
es/dream.htm Interactive site
Why do you think they
chose the Lincoln
Memorial for the site of
their march?
Why do you think the FBI went to such
great lengths to stop the march?
• FBI director J. Edgar Hoover repeatedly tried to scuttle the march. In
the months leading up to it he intensified his already passionate
campaign to defame Martin Luther King, Jr. Hoover tried to
persuade the Kennedys that King was being influenced by
Communists, and his specious denunciations of some King
associates were taken much more seriously by the Kennedys than
was warranted. As a result, they strong-armed King into cutting off
some of his closest friends and advisers on the grounds that they
might be enemy agents. Hoover's baseless suspicions about King,
his virulent attacks on him, and his repeated attempts to destroy his
reputation with the Kennedys were spurred by racist delusions and
other pathological animosities. Hoover tried, unsuccessfully, to
exploit wiretap information about King's sexual indiscretions and
about Rustin's homosexual liaisons. On the very morning of the
march, Hoover assigned several agents to telephone celebrity
participants in a futile last-ditch attempt to get them to withdraw their
support. His attacks on King are some of the darkest examples of
official paranoia and character assassination in America.
After the march leaders met with J.F.K. and discussed what
would be necessary to get the Kennedy Civil Rights Bill
passed through Congress…Kennedy was dead within 3
months of this picture.
Martin Luther King Memorial in D.C.
scheduled for completion in 2008
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Kennedy starts the
ball rolling but LBJ
signs it
• It banned all
discrimination in
public facilities and in
employment
practices. It also
removed SOME
voting registration
restrictions.