KOMUNITAS PERKOTAAN YANG
BERKELANJUTAN
LINDA DARMAJANTI
DEPARTEMEN SOSIOLOGI FISIP-UI
LATAR BELAKANG
KONDISI KOTA-KOTA DI INDONESIA ?
2
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
PEMBANGUNAN KOTA-KOTA
PUBLIK VS MARKET
JOBLESS
RUTHLESS
ROOTLESS
HUMANLESS
VOICELESS
FUTURELESS
HASIL-HASIL PEMBANGUNAN
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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KARAKTERISTIK MASYARAKAT
PERKOTAAN DI INDONESIA
 HETEROGEN (vertikal-horisontal)
 DINAMIS (proses  sosial, ekonomi, politik)
 MOBILITAS INTERNAL TINGGI
 LINGKUNGAN BINAAN LUAS
 KETERBATASAN SUMBERDAYA
 STATUS PEMILIKAN LAHAN
 ARUS MIGRAN TINGGI (unstable community)
 ILLEGAL SLUM AREAS/HIGH DENSITY
 PASIF COMMUNITIES
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
Tabel : 2
Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk di Wilayah JABOTABEK
Sumber : BPS, Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2000
Kabupaten/
Kotamadya
(1)
31 Okt
31 Okt
30 Juni
1980
1990
2000
(2)
(3)
(4)
1980-1990
1990-2000
(5)
(6)
Jakarta Selatan
1.582.194
1.913.084
1.792.214
1,92
-0,67
Jakarta Timur
1.460.068
2.067.213
2.348.962
3,54
1,33
Jakarta Pusat
1.245.030
1.086.568
892.750
-1,35
-2,01
Jakarta Barat
1.234.885
1.822.762
1.910470
3,94
0,40
Jakarta Pusat
981.272
1.369.639
1.440.457
3,39
0,52
Bogor
2.493.909
3.736.897
4.635.801
4,13
2,25
Bekasi
1.143.611
2.104.459
3.282.238
6,29
4,70
Tanggerang
1.529.072
2.765.189
4.087.181
6,10
4,12
247.409
271.711
743.478
0,94
10,9
10.487.450
17.137.522
21.133.551
Bogor (Kodya)
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LPP
Jumlah
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
Table 1
Total of Urban and Rural Poverty
(Million and Percentage)
Total Poverty Population
Percentage Poverty Population
Year
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Urban
Rural
9.42
17.60
15.64
12.30
8.60
13.30
12.20
11.40
12.40
14.49
24.59
31.90
32.33
26.40
29.30
25.10
25.10
24.80
22.70
24.81
Urban+R
ural
34.01
49.50
47.97
38.70
37.90
38.40
37.30
36.10
35.10
3930
Urban
Rural
13.39
21.92
19.41
14.60
9.76
14.46
13.57
12.13
11.37
13.47
19.78
25.72
26.03
22.38
24.84
21.10
20.23
20.11
19.51
21.81
Urban+R
ural
17.47
24.23
23.43
19.14
18.41
18.20
17.42
16.66
15.97
17.75
Source: Social and Economy National Survey/Survei Sosial dan Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS), 2007
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
[1]
Harian Umum Suara Merdeka, 12 Juli 2007
Sementara itu sebuah harian mengungkapkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan perceraian
dalam 5 tahun terakhir yaitu sekitar 300 %. Tingkat perceraian tertinggi dari
data 2005-2006 adalah kota Surabaya cerai talak 17.728 (27.805 perkara); Bandung
peringkat ke dua 13.415 dari 15.139 kasus dan ketiga kota Semarang 12.694 kasus
(23.653 perkara)[1]. Bahkan mengutip pemberitaan di media cetak tingkat perceraian
yang cenderung meningkat sudah tidak terbantahkan lagi.
Tabel 1 :
Kasus Tindak Pidana Narkoba di Indonesia
Tahun 2000 – 2005 (Juni)
Jenis Kasus
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Narkotika
2058
1907
2040
3929
3869
4000
Psikotropika
1356
1648
1632
2590
3884
3098
64
62
79
621
648
310
3478
3617
3751
7140
8401
7408
Bahan Adiktif lain
Jumlah
7
Sumber : BNN, Juni 2005
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
Tabel 2 :
Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas di DKI Jakarta
Sumber : Data RSCM-UI (Aryono D, 2005)
8
Tahun
Kecelakaan
Lalu lintas
Luka
Ringan
Luka
Berat
Meninggal
Km.Mayat
RCSM
1999
1003
340
599
403
828
2000
871
306
634
324
860
2001
674
260
408
261
830
2002
689
180
496
262
785
2003
1300
601
615
503
892
2004
107
-
-
-
-
Jumlah
4644
1687
2752
1753
4195
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
KOMUNITAS KOTA YANG KRITIS..?
KUALITAS KELUARGA
DEGRADASI MORAL KOMUNITAS
KETERBATASAN PELAYANAN PUBLIK
PENURUNAN KUALITAS LINGKUNGAN
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
DIMENSIONS
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of SociologyUI)
Hall and Pfeiffer have extended this notion to the idea of “multiple
sustainability”8. Applied to the city, they have come up with a number of
key dimensions or aspects of sustainability. These are:
• A Sustainable Urban Economy: Work and Wealth
• A Sustainable Urban Society: Social Coherence and Social
Solidarity
• Sustainable Urban Shelter: Decent Affordable Housing for All
• A Sustainable Urban Environment: Stable Ecosystems
• Sustainable Urban Access: Resource-Conserving Mobility
• Sustainable Urban Life: Building the Liveable City
• Sustainable Urban Democracy: Empowering the Citizenry9
(Karina Landman, Gated Community and Urban Sustainability : Taking A
Closer Look at The Future, 2000)
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK PERKOTAAN
(65 %)
“Space is not a photocopy of society, it is.
Spatial forms and processes are formed by
the dynamics of overall social structure“
(Castells, 2002).
To be sustainable, settlements should not exceed the carrying capacity of their
support regions or hinterlands. White and Whitney (1992) distinguish two major
stages of development to which the hinterlands have been subjected since
urbanization began. (per-modern-capitalist-sustainability) Versus Urban
Metabolism – Urban Greenery
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
Why Community based approach ?
“Strengthening the community's capacity is like
weaving a web that creates a social network
throughout the community, providing support
for all and extending and strengthening
cooperation and collaboration among people,
institutions, organizations, and businesses”[1]
[1]
M.E. Swisher, Sandra Rezola and James Sterns, Sustainable Community Development . Hal. 5
13
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
AMITAI ETZIONI, 1994 (SPIRIT OF COMMUNITY)
COMMUNITARIAN PLATFORM
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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COMMUNITY (URBAN)
 Is a place people care and know for one another....
 Speak to us in moral issues, they lay claims on their
members
 Nesting boxes : families, neighborhoods
 All levels : local villages, towns, national-cross- national
 Spatial, non-spatial : primordial, professional associations,
etc
MORAL VOICE : Morality as Infrastructure
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
Family
School
• Parents have a moral responsibility to the community....
• Parenting deficit : child care, baby sitters
• Mission : mutually supportive educational coalition (agent of
socialization)
• Developing character
• The core values need to be transmitted generation to generation
• Self-discipline as a Master Key (internalization)
• Set of experiences : increase the awareness and anlysis
• Changing student way of life (status symbol)
• Existing condition of Urban Community
• The new urban community (modern society) : Harmonizing career and
communitarian nexus (socially constructive : community friendly)
The loss
traditional
communty- • Communitarian Design, Architecture, and Planning  enhance
The New
Community
community nexus : we-ness, formation of social webs, procommunity (sociological mix that sustains a community)
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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Contoh : contributes to urban sustainability
• Urban poor (dis-advantage groups) dalam transportasi publik,
pertimbangan : less trip (“income poor”) accessibility poor;
safety poor, energy poor (World bank, 2002).
• Transportation policy : pro-poor
• ecological sustainability, economic efficiency, and
competitiveness of urban transport systems
• Elderly : PU-sat SA-ntunan KeluargA (PUSAKA) sebagai home
based care centre (issues : Community solidarity) indigenous
cultural, moral and ethical values : gender issues, needs social
commitment-support-concerns  participation comm.
Members : training, seminars, educational opportunities
• Kampung Hijau
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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Rebuilding Community Institution
Local schools to community policing
Public Safety
Participation in public life
Personal Responsibility, Self-help, Social Justice
1. Moral responsible to help themselves as best as they can
2. Responsible with closest to the person (kin, friens, neighbors,
community members ) : RECIPROCITY , is most SUSTAINABLE
3. Rule : ought to do the best it can to take care of it’s own
4. Societies must help those communities whose ability to help their
members is severely limited
Social Justice is an inter community issue, not only an intracommunity
matter
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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Communitarianism
(not majoritarian but strongly Democratic)
 Change heart, part renewal of social bonds, part reform of
public life
 the most basic : without stronger moral
voices, public
authorities  overburdened and market don’t work
 through education and persuasion
 strong democracy : more representative, more
participatory, more responsive  all members of
community
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 Public Policy : social policy (spatial policy-economic
policy-political policy- etc) based on broad consencus and
shared moral and legal traditions
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
SUSTAINABILITY COMMUNITY FRAMEWORK
KONDISI KOTAKOTA DI
INDONESIA
RESPONSIVE
COMMUNITY
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PERAN
INSTITUSI :
KELUARGA
PENDIDIKAN
KOMUNITAS
KAMPANYE/
GERAKAN SOSIAL
(KELEMBAGAAN
& PERSUASI)
TERPADU : AGEN
SOSIALISASI
KOMUNITAS KOTA
BERKELANJUTAN :
CARRYNG
CAPACITY
DISIPLIN DAN
KEPEDULIAN
SOSIAL
PERBAIKAN
MORAL WARGA
KOMUNITAS KOTA
(COMMON VALUES :
KEBERLANJUTAN)
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
APA YANG DAPAT DILAKUKAN..?
Mengacu pada kondisi spatial, sosial, ekonomi, budaya dan lingkungan kotakota besar di Indonesia
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
FISIK
HUKUM
SOSIAL BUDAYA
KOMUNITAS
EKONOMI
KOTA
LINGKUNGAN
POLITIK
SISTEM SOSIAL
PERKOTAAN
Sistemik, Societal, Komprehensif, Non-Sektoral, Evaluatif,
Transformatif
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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Langkah ke depan dalam
pembangunan kota-kota
• Komprehensif data-base, sosial, ekonomi dan
budaya (non-sectoral)
• Sepakati indikator sosial, ekonomi dan budaya
• Monitoring dan evaluasi secara berkala
(rewards and punishment system)
• Forum stakeholders : state-market-civil society
• Kemitraan antar stakeholders (public based)
• Manajemen : satu Visi dan Misi : keberlanjutan
kota-kata bertumpu pada potensi lokal
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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Sustainable Community Development
ECONOMICALLY PRODUCTIVE
ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND
SOCIALLY JUST
SUSTAINABLE
COMMUNITY
CULTURALLY VIBRANT
POLITICALLY PARTICIPATORY
Social environments, like natural environments, cannot be taken for
granted. Amitai Etzioni
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
SUPER-TRUCTURE
Ideas/Values
Social Institutions
Politic, Religion, Family, Education
The Economy
INFRASTRUCTURE
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN
Equity, Social Justice,
Basic Needs
Social and Etnic –
Self Determination
Environmental Awareness
Interlinages Time-Space
Urban productivity
Interpretasi “Brown Agenda”
Kepuasan Rumah-Pangan
Efektif – Pergerakan Sosial
Integrasi - Migrasi –
Pembangunankota
MICRO
MACRO
Effisiensi ekonomi meningkat
MANAGEMENT“Social Equity”
“Future Development”
URBAN
“Cost Recovery Mechanism”
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the carrying capacity of the environment
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
PENGORGANISASIAN MASYARAKAT
(human organization)
 Sosialisasi di tingkat komunitas
 Tindakan/ gerakan kolektif berkelompok
 Pemberdayaan : pengelolaan sampah (reducing)
 Komunikasi Sosial yang Efektif (publik)
 Kemitraan (jaringan kerjasama : inter-intra community)
State-Market-Community
 Kelembagaan (kordinasi)  institusionalisasi
 Kelurahan sebagai “mediating structure”
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prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of SociologyUI)
Gambar 2 : Unsur di lingkungan permukiman
(tingkat komunitas)
Komunitas
Kebersamaan
Solidaritas
Ikatan Sosial
Bagian komunitas
Rumah Tangga
(penghasil sampah)
Sekolah
Pasar
Tokoh pemuda
Warga Strata Atas
Tokoh PKK
Ketua RT
Taman
prepared by Linda Darmajanti (Department of Sociology-UI)
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