Chapter 37

Solomon • Berg • Martin Biology, Seventh Edition

Chapter 37

The Animal Body:

Introduction to

Structure and Function

Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning

Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body

• Tissue consists of a group of closely associated, similar cells that carry out specific functions

• Tissues associate to form organs, such as the heart

• Groups of tissues and organs form organ systems


Biology, Seventh Edition

• Main types of animal tissue

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

• Classification depends on structure and origin


CHAPTER 37 The Animal Body


• Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer or sheet covering a body surface or lining a body cavity

• Protection

• Absorption

• Secretion

• Sensation




• Connective tissue consists of fewer cells separated by intercellular substance, fibers in a matrix

• Collagen fibers

• Elastic fibers

• Reticular fibers



• Connective tissue contains specialized cells

• Fibroblasts

• Macrophages

• Functions of connective tissue

• Joins other tissues

• Supports the body and its organs

• Protects underlying organs



• Muscle tissue consists of cells specialized to contract

• Each cell is an elongated muscle fiber containing contractile units called myofibrils



• Nervous tissue

• Elongated cells called neurons

– Specialized for transmitting impulses

• Glial cells

– Support and nourish neurons



• Types of epithelial cell shapes

• Squamous

• Cuboidal

• Columnar

• Type of epithelial tissue

• Simple

• Stratified

• Pseudostratified




• Simple squamous epithelium

• Lines blood vessels and air sacs in the lungs

• Exchange of materials by diffusion



Simple squamous epithelium




• Simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium

• Lines passageways

• Specialized for secretion and absorption



Simple cuboidal epithelium




Simple columnar epithelium




• Stratified squamous epithelium

• Outer layer of skin

• Lines passageways into the body

• Provides protection

• Pseudostratified epithelium

• Lines passageways

• Protects underlying tissue



Stratified squamous epithelium




Pseudostratified epithelium




• Glands are formed from epithelial tissue

• Goblet cells

– Unicellular glands that secret mucus

– Exocrine glands secrete onto an epithelial surface

• Endocrine glands

– Release hormones into interstitial fluid or blood





Glands


• Epithelial membrane

• Sheet of epithelial tissue and a

• Layer of underlying connective tissue

• Mucous membrane

• Lines a cavity that opens to the outside of the body

• Serous membrane

• Lines a cavity that does not open to the outside of the body



• Types of connective tissue

• Loose connective tissue

• Dense connective tissue

• Elastic connective tissue

• Adipose tissue

• Cartilage

• Bone

• Blood




• Loose connective tissue

• In the subcutaneous tissue

• Between many body parts

• Fibers in a semifluid matrix

• Cartilage cells (chondroctyes)

• In lacunae, small cavities in the cartilage matrix



Loose connective tissue




Cartilage




• Osteocytes

• Secrete and maintain the matrix of bone

• Compact bone consists of spindle-shaped units called osteons

– Central blood vessel through a

Haversian canal surrounded by lamellae



Bone




• Skeletal muscle

• Striated

• Under voluntary control

• Each elongated, cylindrical muscle fiber has several nuclei



• Cardiac muscle

• Striated

• Contraction is involuntary

• Elongated, cylindrical fibers branch and fuse

• Each fiber has one or two nuclei



• Smooth muscle

• Contracts involuntarily

• Elongated, spindle-shaped fibers lack striation

• Each fiber has a central nucleus

• Responsible for movement of food through the digestive tract



Muscle tissues




• Elongated neurons receive and transmit information

• Dendrites receive signals and transmit them to the cell body

• Axon transmits signal to other neurons, a muscle, or a gland

• Synapse is a junction between neurons



Nervous tissue




•Organ systems

• Integumentary

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Circulatory



•Organ systems

• Lymphatic

• Respiratory

• Digestive

• Urinary

• Reproductive



• Homeostasis

• Automatic tendency to maintain a balanced internal environment

• Dynamic equilibrium maintained by negative feedback systems

• Regulators respond to counteract changes caused by stressors



Homeostasis



• Thermoregulation

• Homeostatic mechanisms for regulating body temperature

• Physiological

• Structural

• Behavioral



• Ectotherms

• Body temperature varies with the environment

• Very little energy used

• Less food needed

• Activity may be limited by daily and seasonal temperatures



• Endotherms

• Mechanisms to maintain body temperature in a narrow range

• Increased enzyme activity

• Activity even in low winter temperatures

• High energy cost



• Acclimatization

• Process of adjustment to seasonal changes

• Torpor

– Adaptive hypothermia

• Hibernation

– Long-term torpor in winter cold

• Estivation

– Torpor caused by lack of food or water in summer heat


Chapter 37 - Biology Junction

The Animal Body:

Introduction to

Structure and Function

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Chapter 37 - Biology Junction

Chapter 37

The Animal Body:

Introduction to

Structure and Function

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