Measuring direct & indirect
employment
linked to Livestock Farming
150th EAAE seminar
23rd October 2015 – Edinburgh (UK)
Agathe LANG, Pierre DUPRAZ (INRA), Yves TREGARO (FranceAgriMer),
Christophe PERROT (IDELE), Pierre-Michel ROSNER (CIV)
Objective : identification and quantification of the French jobs
depending on French livestock farms
Indirect jobs
Accounting of direct and
indirect jobs
(induced jobs are outside the
scope)
Dependency
level
Livestock
farms
Direct jobs
MATERIAL AND METHOD
General procedure – step 1
Identification of
ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
UPSTREAM sectors
PUBLIC & SEMI-PUBLIC
ANIMAL FEED
PROCESSING SECTOR
RESEARCH &
EDUCATION
ANIMAL HEALTH
GENETICS AND
PERFORMANCE
ADMINISTRATION
Livestock
operations
LOGISTICS (TRANSPORT STORAGE)
GENERAL SUPPLIERS
DOWNSTREAM sectors
(building, equipments)
and SERVICES (accounting,
banks…)
FOOD INDUSTRY AND
TRADE
INDUSTRY SUPPLIERS
RETAIL
185 categories of operators
AND POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION
DISTRIBUTION
BY-PRODUCTS
MANAGEMENT AND
INDUSTRY
General procedure – step 2
Identification of
ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
Identification of operators that
DEPEND on livestock operations
Dependency evaluation
• Livestock dependency = a change in livestock-related
activities would affect the operator’s activity level, or
even its existence and, thus, its jobs
• No methodological frame available -> building our own
dependency evaluation method
• Theoretical framework :
– « filière » définitions (Temple 2011, Fontan 2006), systemic
aproaches (Donnadieu 2003), social LCA (Macombe 2013, Wu 2014)
– Transaction costs theory (Williamson 1985 and 1996),
incomplete contracts theory (Tirole 1999, Masten 2000)
– Up or downstream regulation (Sekkat 1987)
Dependency evaluation
Livestock’s relative weight
Grade from 0 to 15
Short-term effects
Indicator
Evaluation
Share of sales related
Adaptation
capacitiesShare of the turnover or production
to livestock farms
Medium-term
effects
(clients: share of the activity
related
to its products)
Indicator
volume
Evaluation
Share of operators Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to
Share of operators with exclusive or
specialized
in
livestock
5 (basedlivestock-related
on expert opinions)
Asset specificity to
majority
activity
Territorial constraints
or its operations
products
Geographical
effects
livestock
Dependency
Grade from 0 to 15
High turnover share =
high dependency
Dependency
Many specialized operators =
Grade= from 0 to 15
High
highspecificity
dependency
high dependency
(0 : non specific assets, 5 : very specific
Evaluation
on a to
Likert
scale assets)
from 0 to
and impossible
reconvert
Diversity of outlets
5 (based
expert
opinions)
Low diversity =5
Evaluation
Likert
scale
0
1to
2 on aon
3 from 0 to
4
Asset
specificity
(clients:
share of animal
(based on
opinions)
High
=
(0 :5turnover
on expert
all economic
activities,
Highspecificity
dependency
Great region
Department
Small agricultural
one particular
Maximal
products
in final product)
5 : onlyassets,
livestock
No impact of
(0 : non specific
5 : farms)
very specific
high dependency
level
level
territory level
France level
distance of a few
livestock
sector
location
and impossible to reconvert assets)
kilometers
(< 400 km)
(<100 km)
(<40 km)
Evaluation on a Likert scale from 0 to
Absence of relevant
5 (based on expert opinions)
No relevant market = High
market for reconversion (0 : high demand market (potentially for
dependency
and/or export
the entire production), 5 : no relevant
(suppliers)/import (clients)
market)
Different levels of dependency
Agglomerative
hierarchical clustering :
4 dependency levels
Livestock’s
relative
weight
Adaptation
capacities
Dependen
cy level
Territorial
constraints
Not
significantly
dependent
Indirect
employment
Livesto
ck
farms
Direct jobs
General procedure – step 3
Identification of
ALL GROUPS OF OPERATORS
in the livestock sphere
Identification of operators that
DEPEND on livestock operations
Quantify the NUMBER of JOBS
for these dependent operators
Measurement of employment
level
• Single method for each operator
• Sources of information:
– Official state statistics
– Professional surveys
– Professional representative knowledge
– Economic assessment
• Measurement is in Full Time Equivalent (FTE)
RESULTS
703 000 FTE are dependent
on French livestock farming operations
VERY DEPENDENT JOBS
178 000 FTE
(207 000 people)
LIVESTOCK OPERATIONS:
DIRECT JOBS
312 000 FTE
(~415 000 people)
+ 9 000 FTE producing the
cereal consumed directly
on the farms
MODERATLY DEPENDENT
JOBS
166 000 FTE
(210 000 people)
MILDLY DEPENDENT JOBS
47 000 FTE
(52 000 people)
ALL SECTORS
AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 6.7
Total DEP: 29.5
Results- by sector
PUBLIC & SEMI PUBLIC
AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 5
Total DEP: 22.2
UPSTREAM SECTORS
AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 9.5
Total DEP: 28.8
DOWNSTREAM SECTORS
AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 7.1
TOTAL DEP: 32.4
1st process: 36.4 (8.8)
Processed goods : 23.9 (3.2)
DISTRIBUTION
AVG TERRITORIAL DEP : 3
TOTAL DEP: 26.6
Results – by type of livestock
Total
number
of jobs
250 000
DAIRY FARMS
MEAT PRODUCTION FARMS
EGGS
Products : milk and meat
1,07
Products : meat
Eggs & meat
200 000
0,76
150 000
6,06
100 000
50 000
Number
of indirect
job(s) per
on-farm
job
1,91
0,63
0,44
0,53
5,93
1,77
-
CATTLE
238 000
FTE
Direct jobs
SHEEP
10 000
FTE
Very dependent
jobs
GOAT
14 000
FTE
CATTLE
SHEEP
183 000
FTE
34 000
FTE
Moderatly
dependent jobs
VEAL
CALVES
12 000
FTE
Mildy dependent
jobs
PIGS
99 000
FTE
POULTRY
and
RABBITS
99 000
FTE
EGGS
11 000
FTE
Grand Ouest results
A few references
on the Grand
Ouest region:
16 %
21 %
of French
population
16 %
of agricultural
surfaces in
France
of total of
French jobs
72 %
50 %
21 %
of French
farms
of French milk
cows
of French pigs
20 %
58 %
of French
meat cows
of French
poultry
TOTAL INDIRECT JOBS– 151 800 FTE:
(39 %of French t ot al )
VERY DEPENDENT JOBS
81 800 FTE
(49 %of French t ot al )
MODERATLY DEPENDENT JOBS
42 700 FTE
(29 %of French t ot al )
LIVESTOCKOPERATIONS :
DIRECT JOBS
102 000 FTE
[33 %of French tot al ]
MILDLY DEPENDENT JOBS
4 900 FTE
(25 %of French t ot al )
Non taken into account
indirect jobs (estimation):
22 500 FTE
(39 %of French t ot al )
Share of the Grand Ouest region in French
total livestock related jobs and production
Total français
French
total
71%
67%
66%
54% 55%
51%
46%
40%
45%
43%
43%
57%
35%
31%
19%
22%
16%
15%
10%
9%
Dairy
Bovin lait
Cattle
Caprin
Goats
Direct jobs
Meat
Cattle
Bovin viande
Emplois directs
14%
Meat
Ovin
viande
sheeps
Emplois indirects
Indirect jobs
Porcin
Pigs
Production
Volaille
chair
Poultry
andet
lapins
rabbits
Production
Œuf
Eggs
Share of
Part du
the Grand
Grand Ouest
Ouest
(%)
region
Conclusion
• Detailed map (135 operators), precise (+/- 2 %)
with an explicit method (dependency evaluation
and all calculations will be published)
• Dependency evaluation method is not
specific to livestock nor agricultural sectors :
application to other fields?
• Limitations :
– analytical rather than systemic approach
– induced jobs and externalities jobs not taken into account
– no results on territorial scale
Direct jobs: 312 000 FTE
LIVESTOCKRELATED JOBS
OTHER ACTIVITIESRELATED JOBS
ANNEXS
Results – by production level
Number of jobs (FTE) per
Emplois dépendants de l'élevage (ETP)
million liters of milk
/million de litres de lait produits
produced in France
40
36,8
37
30
21
20,6
20
10
9,8
10
0
Bovin
Lait
CATTLE
Ovin Lait
SHEEP
Caprin
GOAT
Results – by production level
Emplois dépendants
l'élevage
Number
of jobsde
(FTE)
per(ETP)
100t of
meat
in France
/1 00 tecproduced
de viande produites
50
41,8
42
40
30
20
11,5
11.5
10
0
Bovin
viande Ovin
viande
CATTLE
SHEEP
8,9
9
VEAL
Veau
CALVES
4,5
4.5
5
5,3
Porc
PIGS
Volaille Chair
and
et Lapins
POULTRY
RABBITS
Share of Grand Ouest region in livestockrelated jobs in France
100%
90%
80%
70%
Other
parts of
France
60%
50%
40%
45 %
30%
Grand
Ouest
43 %
33 %
20%
22 %
10%
27 %
0%
UPSTREAM
LIVESTOCK
OPERATIONS
DOWNSTREAM
High territorial constraints
DISTRIBUTION
PUBLIC & SEMI
PUBLIC
Low territorial constraints
Exemples of dependency
evaluation (1)
Veterinaries (liberal workers) : 27,4/45 -> MODERATLY dependent
Livestock’s relative weight
Adaptation capacities
Share of the turnover
29 %
1,5/5
1/5
Share of specialized
operators
Asset specificity to a
livestock sector
57 %
2,9/5
Asset specificity to
livestock in general
3/5
Relevant market
4/5
Outlets diversity
3/5
Total : 7,4/15
Territorial
constraints
Small
agricultural
region level
Total : 12/15
Total : 8/15
Slaughterhouses (cattle, sheep and pigs): 33/45 -> VERY dependent
Livestock’s relative weight
Adaptation capacities
Part de l’activité liée
à l’élevage
100 %
5/5
Asset specificity to a
livestock sector
3/5
Part des acteurs
spécialisés
100 %
5/5
Asset specificity to
livestock in general
5/5
Part des produits
animaux
100%
5/5
Relevant market
4/5
Total : 15/15
Total : 12/15
Territorial
constraints
Great region
level
Total : 6/15
Exemples of dependency
evaluation (2)
Animal drugs industry: 17/45 -> MIDLY dependent
Livestock’s relative weight
Adaptation capacities
Share of the turnover
57 %
3/5
2/5
Share of specialized
operators
Asset specificity to a
livestock sector
0%
0/5
Asset specificity to
livestock in general
4/5
Relevant market
2/5
Outlets diversity
3/5
Total : 6/15
Territorial
constraints
France level
Total : 3/15
Total : 8/15
Biscuits factories: 10/45 -> NOT dependent on French livestock operations
Livestock’s relative weight
Adaptation capacities
Part de l’activité liée
à l’élevage
80 %
4/5
Asset specificity to a
livestock sector
2/5
Part des acteurs
spécialisés
0%
0/5
Asset specificity to
livestock in general
3/5
Part des produits
animaux
20 %
1/5
Relevant market
0/5
Total : 5/15
Total : 5/15
Territorial
constraints
Almost no
constraints
Total : 0/15
Results – Animal Health
ANSES
330 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : ANSES
Animal drug industry
1 100 FTE
MILD dependency
6 000 FTE in total sector from which
3 200 for pets and 1 800 for export
Source : SIMV
OIE
85 FTE
MILD dependency
Animal drugs trade : 625 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : OIE
Veterinaries
7 300 FTE
MODERATE dependency
- 2 600 FTE veterinaries specialized in
livestock animals
- 2100 FTE veterinaries dedicated to
livestock animals amongst mixt
veterinaries
- 3 200 FTE non veterinaries workers
Source : CSOV
Source : surveys and expert say
Pharmacies
Not dependent
Livestock
State veterinaries services : 2 700 FTE
HIGH dependency
- Santé et sécurité des animaux : 800 ETP
- Sécurité sanitaire des aliments : 1 900 ETP dont 1
300 en abattoirs
Source : DGAL
Sanitary surveillance
organizations
800 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : FNGDS
Food indutstry
Results – Animal feed
Addictive industry
2 200 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source :surveys, estimation
Machinery makers
50 FTE
MILD dependency
Feed services, mineral feed
and pre-mix industry
4 400 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : surveys, estimation
Quality control laboratories
Not dependent
Grain production an
trade
Not dependent
Agrofourniture,
agromachinisme
(cultures)
Not dependent
Hay production,
trade,
transportation and
dehydration
2 100 FTE
HIGH to MODERATE
dependency
Source : estimations
Source : AFCA CIAL
Animal feed compound
industry
10 000 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources:, Coop de France Nutrition
animale
By-products suppliers
(tourteaux, sons, drèches…)
1 100 FTE
MODERATE to MILD
dependency
Triturateurs, amidonniers,
meuniers, sucreries, éthanoliers
Livestock
Mise aux normes d’écarts
de fabrication
100 ETP
MODERATE dependency
Source : Valoria
Results – Genetics and
performances
Genetic evaluation
Milk analysis
laboratories
450 FTE
HIGH dependency
Selection organizations
200 FTE
HIGH dependency
included in research field
Source : race de France
Source : CNIEL
Information system (ARSOE)
350 FTE
HIGH dependency
Cattle, sheep, goat
Source : FIEA
Performances control
3 200 FTE
HIGH dependency
Cattle, sheep, goat, pig
Sélection génétique
2 000 ETP
HIGH dependency
Bovins, caprins, porc, volaille
Sources : IFIP, Alysse, SNA
Semen sorting:
25 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : estimation
Sources : IFIP, IDELE, FCEL
Source : estimation
Artificial insemination
2 300 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources : IFIP, SNA, Alysse
Livestock
Departmental livestock
organizations (identification and
Genetics analysis
laboratories
45 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Buckles makers:
70 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
ascendency certification)
included in agricultural chambers
Animal passports printers:
Not dependent
Results – Various goods and
services (1)
Fabrication of
livestock equipement
2 300 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Fabrication of precision
livestock equipement
160 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, Axema
Source : estimations
Distribution of livestock
equipment: 4 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources: INSEE, Axema
Suppliers for building
construction
Non dépendant
Livestock building
studies
670 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : estimation
Production and distribution of
fertilisers, phytosanitary products,
general crop quipment…
Not dependent
Cf chapitre Alimentation animale
Seed production
760 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : GNIS
Biocids production
380 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Building construction
15 000 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Source : estimation
Environmental building
studies
670 ETP
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Livestock
Commission works
7 400 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : FNCUMA, FNEDT
Replacement services
2 250 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : service de
remplacement
Results – Various goods and
services (2)
Hoof care
130 FTE
HIGH dependency
Anaerobic digestion
studies
140 FTE
HIGH dependency
Agricultural newspapers
130 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Independant consultants
40 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Certification organization
(organic products etc.)
240 FTE
MILD dependency
Accounting
2 300 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : CER, Cogedis
Insurance
Not dependent
Source : Etude emploi Biogaz
Source : PCIA
Source : estimation
Source : CFPPA Le Rheu
Livestock
Banking services
970 FTE
MILD dependency
Source : estimation
Production and distribution
of computers devices
Not dependent
Production and
distribution of electricity
Not dependent
Production and
distribution of gas
Not dependent
Production and
distribution of fuel
Not dependent
Results – Collection, processing and trade
(1 – milk)
Livestock
Milk collection and
dairy industries:
49 000 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE, CNIEL, ATLA
Milk and dairy trade
: 9 700 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : INSEE
Results – Collection, processing and trade
(2 – cattle, sheep and pigs meat)
Livestock
Sources : enquête
Live animals trade
4 720 FTE
HIGH dependency
Farmers associations:
4 800 FTE
HIGH dependency
4600 cattle dealers
120 in cattle markets
Sources : FFCB, FAM, INSEE, FMBV
Sources : INSEE, Conventions
collectives
Slaughterhouses and
meatpacking industry:
47 900 FTE
HIGH dependency
Food industry
Veal-calves integration
firms:
250 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE, Conventions
collectives, FNICGV, COOP de
France, FNEAP, Synafavia
Meat and meat-based
products trade
: 4 400 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, Conventions
collectives
Results – Collection, processing and trade
(3 – poultry, goats and rabbits)
Livestock
Eggs
Meat
Slaughterhouses and
meat packing:
24 000 FTE
HIGH dependency
Egg packing
centers:
1 600 FTE
HIGH dependency
Sources : Rapport de branche
FIA-CNADEV, INSEE
Source : SNIPO
Poultry meat trade
1 400 FTE
Eggs trade:
450 FTE
HIGH dependency
MODERATE dependency
Source : INSEE
Sources : INSEE
DISTRIBUTION
Egg based products
industry : 800 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : SNIPO
Food industry
Results – Collection, processing and trade
(4 – processed products)
Livestock
Industrie de 1ère et seconde transformation
(abattage découpe, ovoproduits, industrie laitière)
Foies des
canards
gras
Industrie foie
gras : 900 ETP
HIGH dependency
Sources : INSEE,
ADEPALE
Cf aval viande, aval volaille, aval lait
Viande
Charcuterie :
23 700 ETP
MODERATE
dependency
Sources : FICT, SSP,
INSEE
Viande, œufs,
produits laitiers
Industries plats
préparés :
10 000 ETP
MILD dependency
Sources : INSEE,
ADEPALE
DISTRIBUTION
Beurre, œufs,
lait
Chocolaterie
non dépendant
Biscuiterie
non dépendant
Boulangerie
pâtisserie
viennoiserie
non dépendant
Fabricants de
crème glacée
non dépendant
Results – Industry suppliers
Animal feed trucks
fabrication
145 FTE
dépendance MOYENNE
Feed industry
Livestock
Livestock trucks
fabrication
125 FTE
HIGH dependency
Software development
Non dépendant
Food industry
Equipment fabrication
3 200 FTE
dépendance MOYENNE
Industrial cleaning
2 500 FTE
MILD dependency
Industrial maintenance
2 300 FTE
MILD dependency
Analysis laboratories
1 800 FTE
MILD dependency
Refrigerated equipement
maintenance
Non dépendant
Building construction
Non dépendant
Logistic platforms
Non dépendant
Linen and laundry
services
720 FTE
MILD dependency
Packaging fabrication
200 FTE
MILD dependency
Computer devices
Non dépendant
Pest extermination
Non dépendant
Event management
services
Non dépendant
Results – By products
management
Livestock
Dead animals
Knackery
800 FTE
Anaerobic digestion units
(outside of farms)
Not dependent
Cement production
Not dependent
HIGH dependency
Slaughterhouses
Cat1 & 2
products
Skins
400 collecting dead
animals
410 collecting
industry waste
Source : CNC
Petfood : 4 750 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Collecting and
managing
2 000 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : SIFCO
Tannery :
1600 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : CNC
Leather industry: 6 400 FTE
MILD dependency
Fertilizer production
Not dependent
Source : SIFCO
Cat.3 and human food
approved products
Skins trade: 340 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : CNC
Animal
bone meal and fat
Skins, bones
(cattle and pigs)
Gelatin producers
470 ETP
MODERATE
dependency
Source : MAAF et enquête
Source : FACCO, INSEE
Animal
protein and fat
Aquaculture
Not dependent
Biofuel production: 25
FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : enquête
Soap production
Not dependent
Results – Distribution
Livestock
Food industry and
trade
Export services
25 FTE
MILD dependency
Central buying service
Not dépendent
Butchers deli shops
34 000 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : INSEE, CFBCT
Cheese shops
6 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : Fromagers de France
Butcher counters in
supermarkets
13 800 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : FCD
Self-services sections
Not dependent
Restaurants
Not dependent
Institutional catering
Not dependent
Results – Education and
research
Under supervision of agriculture, food and
forest ministry
Technical agricultural
education
5 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Vocational
education
210 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Source : Programme budgétaire 143
Higher agricultural
education and research
1 100 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Sources : FAFSEA, VIVEA
Instituts techniques
490 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : Programme budgétaire 142
Sources : enquêtes
Under supervision of Agriculture food anf
forest ministry + research and education
ministry
INRA
2 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : INRA
IRSTEA
525 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : IRSTEA
Agricultural chambers
3 100 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : APCA
Livestock
Results – Administration
Agriculture, food and forest ministry
Conduite et pilotage des
politiques de l’agriculture
3 600 FTE
HIGH dependency
Under supervision of Agriculture, food and
forest ministry
FranceAgriMer
500 FTE
HIGH dependency
Agence de services et
de paiements (ASP)
400 FTE
HIGH dependency
Autres (Agence Bio,
INAO)
55 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Source : Programme budgétaire 154
Source : programme budgétaire 215
DGAL (central)
125 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : Programme budgétaire 206
Local governments
270 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
Natural regional parks
30 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : estimation
ADEME
40 FTE
MILD dependency
Source : estimation
Mutualité sociale
agricole (MSA)
4 750 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Source : MSA
Livestock
SAFER
480 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : SAFER
Water management
agencies
330 FTE
HIGH dependency
Source : estimation
DIREN
Not dependent
Results – Logistics
Feed
compounders
Feed road
transportation
5 400 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Cereal road
transportation
not dependent
Train transportation
not dependent
River transportation
not dependent
Non refrigerated
storage
not dependent
Refrigerated storage
3 700 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Hay, cattle cake, bran road
transportation
2 900 FTE
MODERATE dependency
Port infrastructures (soy
import)
: 700 FTE
MILD dependency
Livestock
Raw animal products road
transportation : 1 600 FTE
HIGH dependency
Milk, eggs
Live animals road
transportation: 1 300 FTE
HIGH dependency
Food industry
Finished animal products
road transportation
: 8 600 FTE
MILD dependency
Distribution
Port infrastructures
(animal products
export) : 90 FTE
MILD dependency
Custom services:
330 FTE
MODERATE
dependency
Sources : SoeS, INSEE, enquêtes