Introduction to
Anatomy & Physiology
Pg. 9 IAN- Set Up Cornell Style
Using the Saladin book or your phone, what
is the difference between macroscopic and
microscopic anatomy?
Human Functions

All humans are able to perform the
following functions:

1) Responsiveness: respond to
changes in our environment
• i.e.: pull hand away from hot surface

2) Growth: an increase in the size & #
of cells over our lifetime
• As cells multiply, they differentiate to
perform specific functions
Human Functions (con’t)

3) Reproduction: creates new generations
of humans



Male sperm cell + female egg cell fuse to
form zygote → new human baby
4) Movement: may be internal (circulating
blood) or external (walking to class)
5) Metabolism: all the chemical reactions
that occur in the body

i.e.: respiration, hormone release, neuron
signals
“Anatomy” vs. “Physiology”
The structure of an organism and the
functions it performs are inseparable
 “Anatomy”= structure



Includes both the internal & external parts
and the relationship between them
“Physiology”= function

How an organism performs the vital
processes of life
Anatomy: a closer look

Anatomy is studied on 2 levels:
A) Gross Anatomy: (“macroscopic”) includes
large structures on surface within a certain
region, or entire organ systems
 B) Microscopic Anatomy: requires
magnification to view

• Includes molecules, cells, and tissues
Physiology: a closer look

Human physiology can be divided into 4
categories:




A) Cell: includes chemical processes within
and among cells
B) Special: studies specific organs (i.e.:
heart, kidney, brain)
C) Systemic: studies entire organ systems
(i.e.: circulatory, urinary)
D) Pathological: studies effects of disease
on organs or organ systems
Pg.7 Add on To Concept Map
Organ Systems


11 organ systems are categorized according to their
major function
Some organs may belong to 2+ organ systems (i.e.
male urethra)

A) Protection, Support, Movement
• 1) Integumentary System
• 2) Skeletal System
• 3) Muscular System

B) Internal Communication & Integration
• 4) Nervous System
• 5) Endocrine System
Pg. 7Concept Map Organ
Systems (con’t)

C) Fluid Transport & Defense
• 6) Circulatory System
• 7) Lymphatic System

D) Input & Output
• 8) Respiratory System
• 9) Urinary System
• 10) Digestive System

E) Reproduction
• 11) Reproductive System
Pg. 19 Levels of Organization






1) Chemical: atoms & molecules
2) Cellular: molecules combine to form
cells & their organelles
3) Tissue: similar cells combine to form
tissues
4) Organ: 2+ tissues combine to form
organs
5) Organ Systems: interaction of organs
designed to perform the same general
function
6) Organism: combination of all organ
systems within a body (the whole person)
Homeostasis- Pg. 21

“A stable internal environment”


Physiological processes must adjust to maintain this
Includes:



A) Receptors: take in environmental stimuli
B) Control Center: receives & processes info from
receptors
C) Effectors: respond to commands of control center
• May ↑ or ↓ the effect of the stimulus

If body is not able to maintain homeostasis, result is
illness or disease
Homeostasis: Negative
Feedback- Pg. 21

Any variation that triggers an
automatic response that returns the
system to homeostasis
MOST homeostatic reactions in the
body
 i.e.: Thermoregulation: regulation of
body temp by shivering, sweating, etc.

Homeostasis: Positive
Feedback- Pg. 21
Initial stimulus produces a response
that reinforces that stimulus
 Used for potentially dangerous or
stressful processes that must be
completed quickly


i.e.: Blood clotting
Pg. 23
Anatomical Position

Standard frame of reference
Standing facing forward
 Feet forward
 Arms Supine: palms forward

• Prone: palms rearward

**When subject is in proper
anatomical position, their Right =
your Left
Anatomical Planes


Plane: imaginary flat surface passing
through body
3 Planes:

1) Sagittal: vertical = L/R
• Midsagittal: down center
• Parasagittal: parallel to midsag.


2) Frontal/Coronal: perpendicular to
sagittal = front/back
3) Transverse/Horizontal/CrossSectional: perpendic. to long axis =
top/bottom
Directional Terms


Used to describe location of structures in the body
May be combined for precision


May have different meanings in humans



i.e.: dorsolateral = towards back and side
b/c of bipedalism
i.e.: ventral, anterior, posterior
See Table 1-2 p. 19
Anatomical Regions- Pg. 27

I Axial Region

Head, Neck, Trunk
(thoracic & abdominal
regions)
• Abdominal Region further
divided into:
• 4 Quadrants OR
• 9 Regions

II Appendicular Region

Appendages (limbs)
• Upper: arm, forearm, wrist,
hand, fingers
• Lower: thigh, leg, ankle,
foot, toes
Body Cavities

Internal chambers that:



A) protect internal organs
B) permit changes in size & shape or organs w/out
disrupting surrounding organs
Most major organs located in the ventral body
cavity (“coelom”)

Divided into thoracic (upper) and abdominopelvic
(lower) cavities by the diaphragm
Body Cavities (con’t)

Viscera: internal organs located w/in the
ventral body cavities


Surrounded by moist internal space
Serous Membrane: thin tissue layer that
creates a fluid-filled sac around an organ
Visceral layer: covers viscera (organ)
 Parietal layer: lines inner surface of body
wall

Thoracic Cavity (upper)

Divided into 3 chambers:

A) Pericardial Cavity: the heart
• Serous membrane called pericardium
• Surrounded by the mediastinum
(connective tissue)

B) R & L Pleural Cavities: the lungs
• Serous membrane called pleura
Abdominopelvic Cavity

Extends from:

Upper Abdomen
• Contains the liver, spleen, stomach, small
intestine, most of large intestine

to Lower Pelvis
• Contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs,
distal portion of large intestine

Contains Peritoneal Cavity

Serous membrane is called peritoneum
Viewing Internal Structures

Various technology is employed to view
internal body cavities & organs:




1) X-rays: high energy radiation; creates b/w
2-D image
2) CT Scan: single beam of X-rays; creates
b/w or color image in 3-D
3) MRI Scan: uses magnetic field to
manipulate atoms; creates highly detailed
color image
4) Ultrasound: uses high frequency sound
waves; low clarity but very safe to use