Pg 140… and then some!

• All living beings survive by the basic actions:
– Breathing, eating, sleeping, etc…
• When these are met we want to ensure survival and reproduction falls into this category
• Sexual reproduction: requires participation between a male and a female
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&feature= endscreen&v=FUZaiXZUYJ4&list=PL8D260C02135
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• A spermatozoan AKA sperm (haploid cell from father) fertilizes an ovum AKA egg (haploid cell from mother)
• During fertilization the genetic make up from the sperm and egg fuse
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_5OvgQW
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• Results: diploid cell (23 pairs of chromosomes)
AKA zygote

• Puberty: changes that prepare human body for the ability to reproduce (usually btw ages
10-14)
• Puberty starts production of sex hormones
(all hormones come from the endocrine system)
• Hormones: chemical messengers transported by the blood and control activity of organ(s)

• Puberty triggers 2 hormones (secreted by
Pituitary gland) pg. 141
1. Hormones from the Pituitary Gland which target the sex organs a.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) b.
LH (luteinizing hormone)
2. Hormones from the sex organs which target various parts of the body a.
Testosterone b.
Estrogen c.
Progesterone

Pituitary Gland
Sex Organs
Testes in Men
Ovaries in Women

Male Sex Organs

D. The maturation of sex organs allow for reproduction to occur
1. Enables Meiosis to occur in the sex organs to produce haploid cells a. Oogenesis: process of ovum development (female haploid cell) by meiosis b. Spermatogenesis: process of sperm development
(male haploid cell) by meiosis

A. Body prepares for fertilization of an ovum over a 28-day period, contains two key cycles
1. Ovarian cycle, which prepares the ovum for fertilization
2. Menstrual cycle, which prepares the uterus for ovum implantation

Events in Ovarian Cycle
1. Day 1-13 (first half of cycle) a.
Pituitary gland secretes FSH, stimulating maturation of ovarian follicle in ovary b.
Oocyte inside ovarian follicle undergoes meiosis I c.
Ovarian follicle secretes estrogen, stimulating pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH
2. Day 14-Ovulation (mid-point of cycle) a.
Maximal levels of FSH and LH are released from pituitary gland b.
Ovarian follicle bursts releasing haploid oocyte; oocyte exists ovary c.
Ovarian follicle transforms into corpus luteum
3. Day 15-28 (second half of cycle) a.
Corpus luteum secretes progesterone, stopping FSH and LH production b.
Oocyte travels into fallopian tube, undergoes meiosis II and produces ovum

c. If fertilization occurs, corpus luteum continues to secrete progesterone d. If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum deteriorates, progesterone levels drop, FSH secretion begins again, will proceed to menstrual cycle

Events in Menstrual Cycle
1. Day 1-5 (Menstrual phase) a.
Unfertilized ovum and endometrium are expelled (due to drop in progesterone levels) from the uterus and bleeding occurs
2. Day 6 – 14 (Proliferation phase) a.
Estrogen (secreted from maturing ovarian follicle) promotes thickening of endometrium
3. Day 15 – 28 a.
Progesterone (secreted from corpus luteum) promotes increased thickening of endometrium, until endometrium reaches maximum thickness b.
If fertilization occurs, endometrium remains intact, zygote
(fertilized egg) implants in endometrium c.
If fertilization does not occur, menstrual phase commences

Putting it all together

A. Involves the production of sperm and the processes to release it into a receptive female, containing three key phases
1. Spermatogenesis a. Occurs in the testicles b. Is prompted by FSH and LH secreted by the pituitary gland c.
Once created, they are stored in the epididymis until ejaculation

2. Erection a. Is an increase in volume and rigidity of the penis, prompting ejaculation
3. Ejaculation a. Sperm stored in the epididymis is pushed forward through the vas deferens b. Sperm mix with seminal fluid (from the seminal vesicle) forming semen c.
Semen travels through the urethra, and exits through the penis.

A. To prevent fertilization of an ovum from occurring
B. Two key categories of birth control
1. Permanent; the individual can no longer produce sperm or ovum i.
Vasectomy (men): the vas deference is tied, sperm can no longer be ejaculated ii. Tubal ligation (women) : the fallopian tubes are clamped, ovum can no longer reach the uterus

Male Sex Organs

Female Sex Organs

2. Temporary; the individual can still produce sperm or ovum i.
Condom (men): ejaculated sperm is physically blocked from entering body ii.
Contraceptive (women): prevents ovulation from occurring a.
The “pill” and the “patch” work through hormone regulation. The pill you ingest daily, the patch you wear.
b.
Morning after pill is an emergency measure to prevent fertilization and ovulation, has very high levels of hormones

What a Concept Map Looks Like

Suggestions for key terms to use in map
• Puberty
• Hormones
• FSH
• LH
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Testosterone
• Ooogenesis
• Ovarian cycle
• Menstural cycle
• Spermatogenesis
• Male reproductive organs
• Female reproductive organs

Assisted Reproduction

• Infertility is the inability to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual relations without using contraceptives
• Assisted Reproduction is all the medical procedures used to help a woman become pregnant

• Uses medication to stimulate the ovaries
• One or more follicles and eggs released each month
• Used for women who rarely or never ovulate

• Semen is injected directly into the uterus on the day of ovulation
• Used when the sperm cannot pass the cervix or when the sperm count (number) or motility
(movement) is low

• The ovum is fertilized in a lab setting (outside the woman’s body)
• After 2-7 days of growth in the lab, embryos are implanted in the uterus to continue development until birth
• There are 4 steps to In vitro Fertilization:

• 1) Ovarian stimulation – the woman produces multiple mature ova
• 2) Retrieval of ova and collection of sperm
• 3) fertilization in the lab – ova and sperm placed together in a test tube
• 4) Transfer of embryos to uterus – after 2-7 days the most developed embryos are transferred to the uterus (usually 2-4 at a time). Untransferred embryos can be frozen to be used later

• Uses the same steps as In Vitro Fertilization
BUT the physician injects the sperm cells directly into the ovum
• Used when there is low sperm count or fertilization poses a problem

• Infertile couples are able to have children

• Risk of multiple birth
• Some cost a lot of money
• Frozen embryos need to eventually be dealt with
• Risk of embryos being selected purely for desired traits (ex. gender, eye colour)

• STI = sexually transmitted infections
– Chlamydia
– Genital Herpes
– Gonorrhea
– Hepatitis B
– Hepatitis C
– Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
– Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV)
– Pubic Lice (Crabs)
– Scabies
– Syphilis
– Trichomoniasis
– Yeast Infections
• http://www.intheknowpeel.ca/stiaids/list.htm#lgv

• A blood-borne disease is one that can be spread through contamination by blood .
• The most common examples are HIV , hepatitis B , hepatitis C and viral hemorrhagic fevers .
– Diseases that are not usually transmitted directly by blood contact, but rather by insect or other vector, are more usefully classified as vector-borne disease, even though the causative agent can be found in blood. Vector-borne diseases include West Nile virus and malaria .
• Many blood-borne diseases can also be transmitted by other means, including high-risk sexual behavior or intravenous drug use .

• Blood for blood transfusion is screened for many blood-borne diseases. Additionally, a technique that uses a combination of riboflavin and UV light to inhibit the replication of these pathogens by altering their nucleic acids can be used to treat blood components prior to their transfusion, and can reduce the risk of disease transmission

• Several ways:
– When you are ready and OLD ENOUGH to participate in a sexual relationship you should know your partner’s sexual history (the more partners you or your partner has the more of an increase you have of contracting an STI)
– Use a latex condom – using a latex condom every time you have penetration or oral sex is very important and can decrease your chance of getting an infection
• Condoms lubircated with spermicide do not decrease your chances of getting an infection

• If you think you might have an STI, get checked out. Don't just hope the STI will go away. It won't!
• You may feel embarrassed about having an
STI. It may be hard for you to go to a doctor or clinic for help. But you must get treatment for the STI, even if it is a hard thing for you to do.
This is the only way you will get well.

• Most city health departments have special STI clinics.
• Private doctors also treat STI
– No matter where you get treated, your case will be kept private
• If you really do not know what to do, tell your parents or call a clinic and ask their advice
• Ask an adult what to do, someone who you can trust

• Most STIs can be treated with antibiotics. Do
exactly what your doctor tells you. Be sure to use all of your medicine
• You also must tell your sexual partner(s). If they aren't treated, they can spread the STI.
They might even give it to you again
– Even if you are embarrassed you could have received it because someone was untruthful with you…and how do you feel?