GLOBALIZATION, SECURITY
AND REFUGEES
(Forced Migration and the
Future of Humankind)
Prof.dr. Vihren Bouzov
St. Cyril and St. Methodius
University of Veliko Turnovo,
Bulgaria
v.bouzov@gmail.com
Content
• Globalization and Security
• Global Conflicts and Forced Migration
• Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon
Sanitaire
• The Clash of Civilizations?
• Approaches to Forced Migration
• Challenges for the 21th Century
Globalization and Security
• The now dominant tendency of economization
and securitization of forced migration to our
region (Turkey and the Balkans) and to the EU
as a whole is the subject of a critical analysis
in this lecture.
• The global corporate media and some
nationalist politicians as representatives of the
interests of the elites of the rich countries are
presenting migrants as terrorists, malicious
users of social welfare and dangerous people
to the host society.
Globalization and Security
• This is a result of the war against global
terrorism after 11/9 and it is associated with
the continuing social and economic crisis of
the Western world.
• The latest crisis with the terrorist attack
against the yellow French magazine Charlie
Hebdo, which has published provocative
caricatures against Islam, is another
confirmation of the present existing and
deepening process of internal war and the
fundamental division of the West.
• It is a consequence of the brutal capitalist
expansion of the rich West, which reached a
new peak after the Cold War era!
Globalization and Security
• The present-day capitalism could not provide
normal living conditions to humankind at least
at the level of elites and the people of the rich
countries.
• Moreover, the world today is increasingly
divided by regional and civil wars, by violent
conflict for redistribution of resources bringing
huge misery for people, state destruction and
forced migration floods.
• Global injustice, wars and poverty forces
millions of people to search for better living
conditions, work and better life chances in rich
countries.
Globalization and Security
• Securitization = construction of
security threats
• Security has a particular discursive and
political force and is a concept that
does something – securitise – rather
than an objective (or subjective)
condition.
(Identity, Migration and the New Security
Agenda in Europe (Wæver et al., 1993)
Globalization and Security
• It could well be said that this chaotic
process of displacement of huge masses
of people looks like a rematch of people
from peripheral countries for the inverted
structure of our imbalanced and confused
world.
• The response of the West is …
politicization of migration as a threat to
security and welfare on the basis of
inventing connection between migration,
global terrorism and organized crime.
Globalization and Security
• Security problems can be explained and
defined by means of making use of
fundamental philosophical and social
sciences notions (subject, action,
environment, control);
• Security – a notion related to different
types of social subjects: individuals,
social groups, organizations, society and
mankind as a whole;
• Security cannot be understood as a „state
of a given social system”;
Globalization and Security
• For the purpose of our analysis, security can
be defined as a process of support of a
satisfactory control by a social subject
(individual or collective) over harmful effects
on an environment. (Bouzov 2010)
• An environment can be natural or social, not
affected or created by human intervention. The
Copenhagen School ofInternational Security
Studies perceives of environment, or a
strategic part of it, as a referent object in
security maintenance (Buzan, Hansen 2009,
13-16, 212-217).
Globalization and Security
• The social subject is in active interaction with
the environment, and is striving for control
over negative effects of the latter, concerned
with its own survival. Apart from „the factor of
nature” in human environment, the
technological world, developed by human
beings, has an import of its own, too. It makes
up the main difference between human
environment and environment of other living
organisms.
• A vast majority of effects in human
environment are caused by different subjects:
individuals or groups of such.
Globalization and Security
• Participants in a social interaction, vying with
each other in the distribution of specific
amounts of resources, and their rivalry
struggle is an essential trait of a given security
environment. People do not establish
relationships with nature only, while
endeavoring to transform it in order to fall in
with their aims and interests. They establish
relationships with other people and human
institutions as well - with more important
influence on their own development.
• A security environment can be identified with
the system of a subject’s social relationships.
Globalization and Security
• This definition of security is burdened
with the activist values of the Modern
Time;
• Security is closely related to power and
the imposition of somebody’s power will;
• The notion of security is connected with
the “program of modernity” (Toulmin): it
explains its ties with such modernist
conceptions as „freedom” and „human
rights”, „social contract” and „nation
state”.
Globalization and Security
• The thesis that decisions in the security sphere
could be put in the broader context of the process
of making political decision and political action, as
such at the highest levels of security involves
institutionalized, organized behavior and
distribution of definite power resources in
searching for response to effects of an
environment on a social subject. This view allows
of existence of a wider range of different aspects
of security – varying from military and legal to
social and ecological ones.
• According to some representatives of the
Copenhagen School „a more general sectoral
widening of security included societal, economic,
environmental, health, development and gender”
aspects (Bouzan, Hansen, 2009, 12).
Globalization and Security
• Concerned with his own survival, a social
subject is in active interaction with it and
is striving for control over negative effects
on it. Such control can guarantee the
existence-per norm-of a given social
subject or a social system. Otherwise an
individual or social a system would come
up against crisis situations.
• Crisis-determining factors could be
classified as challenges, risks and
threats.
Globalization and Security
Crises-determining factors:
• A challenge is a critical state of the
security environment, calling for certain
answer;
• A threat is also a state of the environment,
when it manifests itself in a normal
framework. It can be revealed in a direct
way, as a phenomenon immediately
preceding a crisis;
• Risks are threats of an unknown, constant
duration.
Globalization and Security
NATIONAL SECURITY
Personal
Security
Group
Security
(Communities,
Organizations)
State
Security
Globalization and Security
INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY
Individual
Security
of State
Regional
Security
Worldwide
Security
Globalization and Security
• The state’s security is the leader in this system;
it connects national to international security.
• Personal Security: Physical, Psychical and
Social
• Society and its state are in duty bound to
guarantee human rights and freedoms,
prosperity and normal conditions for life of
individuals;
• The fulfillment of this duty in the Global Age
spreads over social subjects at the highest level
as „international community” and „humankind”.
Globalization and Security
•
•
•
•
COMMUNAL SECURITY
Relationships between different national,
cultural, ethnic and professional communities;
Problems: multicuturalism, ethnic conflicts;
A disintegration of communal connections
could be the result of the action of economic
and social factors, and of destruction of the
symbolic complex of norms and values,
leading to rivalry clashes and degradation.
We need to built our policy towards migrants
with respect for their communal traditions and
interests. (It is a communitarian approach)
Globalization and Security
• Group security=Societal Security
(the Copenhagen School Approach)
• ‘Societal security’ was defined as ‘the ability of a
society to persist in its essential character under
changing conditions and possible or actual threats’
(Wæver et al., 1993: 23). While the state was the
referent object for political, military, environmental and
economic security, it was ‘society’ that constituted the
referent object for societal security (Wæver et al., 1993:
26).
• This opened up for the study of ‘identity security’ and
pointed to cases where state and societies did not
align, for instance when national minorities were
threatened by ‘their’ state, or where the state, or other
political actors, mobilized society to confront internal
or external threats.
Globalization and Security
•
•
•
•
Security of Organizations (Corporative)
Today, man as such is a „man of
organizations” (A. Giddens);
Every organization takes measures
against external attacks on its activities:
there exists a relatively high level of
corporative security in developed
societies;
The organizations, acting on a planetary
scale are a new phenomenon;
Organizations: State, Private.
Globalization and Security
• The place of state security in the context of the
above-said levels is quite specific. It defines the
dimensions of national security together with the
personal and group levels.
• The state is a political community and a basic
institute of the political system of a given society.
Its functions of security maintenance are
complex; they cannot be pared down to military
aspects only or to internal legal order either.
• Sovereignty, i.e., the freedom of decision-making,
is a very important function. It involves limitation
in the globalization era and part of it is the concern
of international unions or transnational
institutions.
Globalization and Security
• There is a talk about the out-living of the
nation states and formation of post-national
global governance but there are arguments to
consider this idea as a propaganda cliché. All
conflicts in human history have been and will
remain based on national, political, social and
religious differences.
• The out-living of the nation state and the
development to a global governance in the
interest of people are neoliberal ideological
myths!
Globalization and Security
• International Security (State, Regional and
Worldwide)
• Its specific characteristics are determined
by existing relationships between state,
regional and world level of security;
• In international relations every national
state defends its own security and
sovereignty – in their definition it starts
out from national ideal and interests,
themselves a subject of defense in
conflicts bearing on security.
Globalization and Security
• Regions are conditional separate areas defined on
the basis of geographical proximity and mutual
dependence of security of states in them vis-a-vis
other participants in international relations. They
could be built up by „geographically clustered
sets of such units, and these clusters must be
embedded in a larger system, which has a
structure of its own”.
• A dominant tendency in the past few decades was
the observed growth of the number of regional
conflicts - a process related to specific stability
and latent contradictory character of existing
centers of conflict.
• Our world become a very dangerous and insecure
place: look at all regions involved in wars, civil
conflicts and state degradation!
Globalization and Security
• The problem of regulation of international
relations worldwide as regards
guaranteeing security of all participants in
them is one of primary importance.
• Today, our world is in a state of dynamic
insecurity, owing to the fact that the preCold War system of security has been
destroyed and no efficient substitute of it
has been found.
• The number of crises-boding security
risks is growing incessantly.
Globalization and Security
• The forced migration is a consequence of
regional conflicts and global opposition of
power – it embraces people from the poor
countries as its innocent victims.
• It is very interesting how the
securitization process realized by the
almighty corporate media, the Western
nationalist parties and regional corrupted
elites has turned it in a challenge to
national and human security?
Globalization and Security
• All levels of security are interrelated on a
global scale: problems of security concern
personal level and worldwide level alike.
Threats to the personal security of forced
migrants are also threats to global security. We
cannot close our eyes to their suffering.
• The development of a global system of
adequate management and streamlining of
migration flows and elimination of causes and
negative consequences of forced migration is
both a global, and a collective and an
individual responsibility of every citizen on our
planet and of mankind as a whole.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• The system of international security
inherited from that Cold war era is
unable to overcome regional conflicts
and to parry off new threats to
mankind.
• The situation in the world continues to
be imbalanced, with conflicts of long
standing in it and unprecedented huge
differences in wealth distribution.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• After the end of The Cold War the world did not
become a safer place to live in, altogether.
Geopolitical confrontation and intensive fight for
natural resources and control over main trade
roads and markets are now widespread and the
number of regional conflicts keeps on growing,
too.
• In the last 20 years the USA and the West handily
destroyed through military aggressions, support
for radical jihadist movements and intelligence
operations like “the Arab Spring” the timid
attempts of modernization of the Arab and Islamic
world – Iran, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Iraq, Tunis,
Egypt, Libya, Syria.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• Everywhere the violent “democratisation” has
left monsters in place of the secular
governments: impoverished countries,
internal civil wars and tyrannical regimes... All
these sinister processes became possible after
the end of the Two Camps confrontations – the
Third World lost its support from the Soviet
Union and the socialist countries.
• The West lost its strong competitor: there was
no need to present itself for a knight of
freedom... It has turned in freedom of conquest
of natural resources!
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• The system of international security inherited from
that Cold war era is unable to overcome regional
conflicts and to parry off new threats to humankind.
The alternatives are: unipolar world with a monopoly
of forcefully-imposed solution to global conflicts, or
multi-polar world, based on balance of power and
consensus in the common interest of security,
respect for the interests of every individual country
and social values. The present-day global political
confrontation between the West and the East in our
days is a manifestation of the rivalry between these
two alternatives. The situation in the world continues
to be imbalanced, with long standing conflicts in it
and unprecedented huge differences in wealth
distribution.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• According to Delgado Wise (2013), there are
four types of forced migration:
• - Migration due to violence, conflict, and
catastrophe (43 million refugees)
• - Smuggling and trafficking of persons (2.45
million victims)
• - Migration due to dispossession, exclusion,
and unemployment (72 million migrants)
• - Migration due to over-qualification and lack
of opportunities (25.9 million migrants)
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• Now, there are more than 200 millions
forced migrants in the world: It could
well be said that this chaotic process of
displacement of huge masses of people
looks like a rematch of people from
peripheral countries for the inverted
structure of our imbalanced and
confused world!
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• According to the German magazine Der Spiegel
and the information of the UNHCR for the year
2013, more than 50 million people left their
homes, which is a record data since the Second
World War! 9 out of 10 immigrants are accepted by
developing countries. 2,3 million people are
immigrants from the war-ravaged Syria – 1 million
are living in Lebanon and 1 million in Turkey at
present.
• For the last 14 years, more than 23 000 refugees
have died trying to reach the rich countries in
Europe. Applications for the EU countries for the
3-year period until 2013 are about 80 000 per year!
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• The response of the rich West is a
politicization of migration as a threat to
security on the basis of inventing a connection
with global terrorism and organized crime:
FRONTEX is an EU organization responsible to
turn “the rich Europe” in an impregnable
fortress!
• Especially in its nationalist expression, this
response becomes more and more hysterical,
especially in the period of the deepening social
and economic crisis of the ‘welfare state’.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• The Western nationalism as a degenerate
successor to the Western imperialism from the
first ages of the capitalist expansion
imperceptibly becomes a very influential trend
in the developed countries defining their policy
as regards the rest of the world.
• A good symbol of this policy are the
‘Schengen barriers’ still impregnable for
Romania and Bulgaria and the statements of
some Western leaders (Merkel, Sarkozy) for
the failure of the multiculturalism.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• “The securitization of immigration or refugees
depends on instituting credible claims that they
are an important factor endangering the survival of
political units… For example, a sudden inflow of a
high number of immigrants can destabilize the
labour market resulting in an increase in
unemployment, popular unrest, and a legitimacy
problem for the government. Such a development
can subsequently weaken the state’s competitive
position in the international system. The number
of immigrants mediated through the labour market
is the central element for linking immigration to an
existentially dangerous situation in this argument.
‘Flood’ and ‘invasion’ are powerful metaphors for
securitizing increases in numbers of migration…
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• “One of the striking characteristics of the contemporary
discourse on migration in the European Union is the
contrast between a negative portrayal of asylum seekers
and illegal immigrants and talk about the necessity of
increased economic migration to support growth and
welfare provisions. Despite the obvious difference
between repressive and permissive migration policy that
plays out in this contrast, both policy positions share a
desire to control population dynamics for the purpose of
optimizing a society’s ‘well being’ by keeping the
unwanted out and integrate the needed into the labour
market. Illegal immigration represents an existential
danger in this view not because it threatens a society’s
wealth or stability but because it represents a challenge
to its functional integrity, i.e. its capacity to control the
method of shaping this wealth.”
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• “This section introduced the idea that security
framing structures existential situations by means
of distributing fear and trust. Different from
teaching moral and civil values, increasing social
cohesion by means of security practice arranges
social relations through the construction and
circulation of fear. Fear is not simply an emotion
that security framing instigates in social relations.
It is first of all an organizing principle that renders
social relations as fearful. An important
characteristic of this principle is that it arranges
social relations by objectifying an epistemological
fear of the unknown through the identification of
existential dangers.”
(Huysmans, Jef (2006), The Politics of Insecurity)
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• The “distribution of fear ant trust” became a tool
for administration of social inclusion and
exclusion and for assimilation of immigrants
(Huysmans 2007, 47-50).
• The last EU parliamentarian elections has been
won by nationalist parties (France, England,
Netherlands…) who would like to built a barrier
against migrants, asylum-seekers and world
poverty…
• Crises like last one with Charlie Hebdo became a
form of collective manipulation of fear and hatred
of foreigners.
• It is an expression of some deep problems with
own identity of these communities in West!
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• All attempts to administrate inclusion and
exclusion in our political society on the
basis of unification of Western values will
be an expression of complexes of unclear
identity and could be presented as an
expression of imperialist policy.
• Such policy leads to conflicts and to
failure of the Western version of
multiculturalism.
Global Conflicts and Forced
Migration
• Forced migrants are innocent victims of
conflicts in an unjust social and political order,
with military aggressions, civil wars, tyrannical
regimes and ethnic tension generated by them.
• The adequate solution of problems of forced
migration and the overcoming of violence
causing it could be a shared responsibility of
humankind as a whole. Political and economic
elites cannot resolve such problems – they can
only exacerbate them.
Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon
Sanitaire
• There are real facts to justify the thesis
that the EU policy on refugees and asylum
seekers focuses on measures for their
rejection of the territory of the rich
countries. The aggressive elites of the
rich West are assigned to the Balkans as a
sanitary cordon against refugee flows.
• In 2014 the refugee pressure against the
EU countries continues to grow rapidly.
Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon
Sanitaire
• The 28 members of the EU received
216 300 asylum claims during the first half
of 2014 – a 23 % increase compared to the
corresponding period of 2013 (176 200).
Among the EU regions, the largest relative
increase in mid-year asylum levels was
reported by the countries of Southern
Europe. These countries (Bulgaria,
Greece, Turkey) received 60 800 asylum
requests during the first half of 2014, a
73% increase compared to the first six
months of 2013 (35 200).
Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon
Sanitaire
• Bulgaria is the poorest country in the EU and its
economic opportunities to ensure adequate intake
of forced migrants are relatively limited. In 2013
unexpected flows of forced migrants from the
conflicts in Syria and North Africa caused great
difficulties to our institutions and they had to seek
help from the EU and the UNHCR.
• Some of the emerging chronic problems are the
following: resource insufficiency and lack of
expertise and language skills of the border police
and other involved institutions; poor living
conditions at the points of accommodation of
refugees and illegal migrants; slow processing of
applications of refugees; social and cultural
barriers to social integration into national society.
Turkey and the Balkans as a
Cordon Sanitaire
Turkey and the Balkans as a
Cordon Sanitaire
Turkey and the Balkans as a
Cordon Sanitaire: Wire Netting
Turkey and the Balkans as a Cordon
Sanitaire
• The EU is becoming now a fortress against the
refugees with the help of the activity of the
organization Frontex strictly guarding its borders
and a common system for registration of refugee
prints (Eurodac).
• According to the Dublin Convention (2004) each
member-country which detects an immigrant with
a legal status received in another country is
obliged to return him to the first country.
Following this corrupted mechanism, the Balkan
countries become a concierge or a “cordon
sanitaire” of the EU! The rich countries of the EU
require us to accept the refugee flows from the
Arab countries and Africa without restrictions.
This is hypocrisy in action!
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Cultural relativism is the philosophical
basis of a doctrine according to which
cultures today are in fierce rivalry and all
future conflicts will be caused by cultural
differences.
• An optimistic thesis will be grounded
asserting that varied cultures and
civilizations can solve all existing
problems and contradictions peacefully
and can carry out mutually advantageous
cooperation more effectively irrespective
of differences between them.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Today, irrationalism continues to
dominate in the social, political and
intellectual life of humankind. So far it has
not succeeded in devising means of
solving its problems effectively.
• Free critical discussion is the most
reliable tool in the drive of intellectuals
against irrationalism. It could hardly make
the latter retreat, but could shatter the
positions of irrationalism in the minds of
reasonable people. It could also be a
means of searching for consensus in
shared, common interests.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Cultural relativism a doctrine upholding the view
that mutual understanding and conciliation
between different cultures are impossible. Thus, it
makes senseless any endeavors for integration
and dialogues in the search for acceptable
solutions to controversial issues and stands for a
policy of confining cultural and ethnic
communities within their boundaries. Cultural
relativism substitutes tolerance for violence and
cultural imperialism.
• As an extravagant doctrine of philosophers,
linguists and ethnologists it is not so harmful,
indeed; but it becomes quite harmful when it
justifies vile political prophecies. (Remember the
Charlie Hebdo history!)
The Clash of Civilizations?
• The most eloquent example here is S.
Huntington’s hypothesis of 1993 - that farreaching cultural differences between cultures
(civilizations) will kindle future world wars.
(HUNTINGTON, 1993, 1996)
• He does not specify whether there is a
distinction between culture and civilization and
on what basis he chooses eight civilizations
existing in deepening confrontation. The
confrontation of civilizations and the
opposition of all ‘barbarians’ against the West
determine the future development of the world
he says.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• As a cognitive deception or manipulation,
this kind of cultural relativism is
unattractive, but as a basis for practical
policy- it is a hazardous doctrine. The
event of 9.11 and the wars ignited by the
Great Powers in the Middle East seem to
confirm the ominous prophecy of that
American historian. The present day
claims on downfall of multiculturalism are
also an illustration of his ideas.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Cultural relativism is a generalization of
epistemological relativism. It claims that
mutual understanding and joint activities
between different theories and hypotheses is
impossible. Yet the meaning of terms and laws
is different. They go through changes in case
of transition to a new theory. Theories cannot
reach objective truth – their results are
determined by historical and psychological
factors. Two scientific theories or paradigms
cannot be compared by checking experience,
because it is theoretically charged.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• The same arguments are developed by
relativists as regards different cultures.
It is even more difficult to compare
them: they are symbolic worlds of
values and meanings specific for a
respective community. We can talk
about different cultures on the basis of
specific ethnic, national, political,
social, and regional and gender
features.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Dishonest political thinkers and journalists
repeatedly depict us as dangerous people living in
a “powder-keg”, in a Russia-dominated area or in
„a sanitary cordon” area facing aggressive Islam.
• The moral is that Europe should not trust these
strange “newcomers” in the European orbit.
• The Balkans are frequently taken in as a region of
ethnic and religious wars. Different civilizations
are in confrontation in it and our future is “an age
of wild conflicts and total destruction”.
• Our cultural achievements and contributions to
European civilization are totally ignored. A natural
response to this approach is the revival of some
mystic anti-Western and nationalist ideas in EastEuropean societies at present.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Indeed, all people are committed to certain cultural
tradition. Its history, customs, norms and language
make up a unique unity. We are able to reason about
them - about norms, customs, history etc. – our own
and foreign ones. We can criticize them, we can accept
some of them and can reject others. We are able to
study the history, customs, norms and language of a
nation - and we can change them. In the Globalization
era technologies now have transformed the one-time
boundless world into a “vast village” (M. Mcluhan).
• The dynamic clash of cultures and free
communications erase lines of demarcation today,
which is valid for our Balkan “powder-keg”, as well.
Social practice rejects philosophical fictions and
political nightmares. The Balkans is a great field of
fruitful cultural communication, the result of clash of
cultures.
The Clash of Civilizations?
• Cultural relativism is now on the agenda for
elimination. And cultural imperialism - a brutal
enemy of mankind, has to be cast off too. It is
our awful heritage from the past of imperialist
economic and political domination. The
neoliberalism, the latest form of cultural
imperialism – after mass protests in worldwide
has to be shelved.
• After the rejection of cultural relativism we can
conclude that consensus and cooperation
between competing cultures are quite
possible. This can be done on the basis of
peace, equality and mutual respect for
difference in identities and interests.
Approaches to Forced Migration
• The new worldwide dynamics of migration
and the deepening economic imbalance
are a lasting result of the ongoing
neoliberal globalization. Our planet does
not have adequate resources to secure a
high standard of living for all humans, on
a par with that of the richest people.
• Neoliberalism cannot be an adequate
strategy in this process. As a
development strategy it is unable to
ensure normal functioning of a social
system and just relationships among
people.
Approaches to Forced Migration
• Political and economic elites cannot resolve
such problems – they can only exacerbate
them! The selfish approach of some European
leaders who declare that multiculturalism was
dead must be overcome by countering efforts
on the part of democratic citizens.
• The challenge of forced migration has
destroyed one of the last dogma of liberal
cosmopolitanism – that the West could treat all
humans in equal manner as members of one
moral (cultural, legal) community!
Approaches to Forced Migration
• People from the host countries need a new
culture of peace and tolerance in treatment of
refugees.
• In action, a social justice cosmopolitan view
would assign duties to every individual in
regard to social institutions –in order to make
them work for the overcoming poverty and
social imbalance, for guaranteeing the basic
rights of forced immigrants and their
integration in a given society, on the basis of
humanism. The adequate solution of problems
of forced migration and the overcoming of
violence causing it could be a shared
responsibility of humankind as a whole.
Approaches to Forced Migration
• The social institutions working for the
promotion and realization of a humanist
approach to forced migration should not be
solely relying on activities of UNHCR or the EU
elites. All countries and NGO’s, and the global
civic society as a whole, should be drawn into
activities of support for human rights
observation everywhere.
• We need to make some changes in general our
approach to the forced migration. It must be
based on a communitarian approach to
international relations presenting them as
relationships and conflicts of historically
formed communities – religious, social,
political and cultural including nation states.
Approaches to Forced Migration
• This approach rejects the unification around
the Western liberal values and accepts
differences as promoting political and cultural
diversity. We need to give up the neoliberal
myth of unification and common human
identity – we need to live in a world of diversity
on the basis of a new culture of peace and
tolerance!
• So we need to have a tolerant attitude to each
migrant as a representative of his specific
community and should to be ready to help him
if we have enough resources available.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• Global inequalities between peoples in the
world today have their repercussions on
inequalities between countries – we are all
witnessing the existence of new intensive
conflicts between rich and poor countries.
• There is a new trend of building up new
alliances of nation-states, jointly seeking to
react to challenges of the globalization
process and to beat off negative
consequences of neoliberal economic
experiments. Examples are the development of
the EU and new alliances in Post-Soviet Scope
(Eurasian Alliance), and in Latin America built
up through efforts made by countries like
Brazil and Argentina.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• The situation in the world continues to be
imbalanced, with long standing conflicts in it
and unprecedented huge differences in wealth
distribution.
• Two alternatives for the global security:
Unipolar world with monopoly of forcefully—
imposed solution to global conflicts, or multipolar world, based on balance of power and
consensus in the common interest of security,
respect for the interests of every individual
country and social values.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• The unipolar world is ruled by global
economic and political top crusts. .Its
exponent today arethe global expansion
plans of the U.S. and their allies. In the
90thies they were being justified by
means of conceptions forwarded by Fr.
Fukuyama and S. Huntington.
• A more convincing justification of the
globalist expansionism is the new
cosmopolitanism preaching global
democracy and global government.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• The multi-polar world could be based on a
social and economic pluralism manifested in
the emergence of new regional leaders and
coalitions with ambitions to participate in the
global competition more actively One can
mention here the BRIC-S countries, the EU,
Turkey, the Arab world, Iran, and South
America.
• Nation-states are in a process of transformation in the
Global era –there is a reduction of the scope of their
functions on behalf of the power and effectiveness of
their implementation.
• This enables them to better respond to global
challenges and to protect the interests of the people.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• We need a rejection of the utopian view of
cosmopolitanism and a revival of one new
republicanism.
• Republicanism provides for respect for the
principle of sovereignty of each country and
coalitions of countries set up on the basis of
commonly-shared interests.
• We can definitely say that the assertion of
nation-state`s outliving its time is a
propaganda cliché and not a real process in
development.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• There are many more opportunities available making
it possible to ensure security in a multipolar world.
• The global society continues to be a community of
nation states and nation societies, although it
involves also other actors with a greater economic
potential. It could be based on the cooperation
among different communities – national, religious,
social and cultural.
• From the point of view of communitarianism each
individual could show his worth through
participation in various communities as a significant
component of human nature. Nation- state is the
most advanced form of human community – it
guarantees rights, freedoms and interests of
everyone.
Challenges to the 21th Century
• The global problem of forced migration could
be solved trough creation of a new worldwide
security system based on balance of power,
justice and solidarity. We need a lasting peace
and a fair mechanism for regulation of
conflicts to put under restraint the West
expansionism. We need also a more efficient
fight against poverty.
• All people and civic organizations, states and
state alliances would be included in collective
efforts to find just solutions for the refugees
problems.
• THANK YOU FOR
ATTENTION!