環境倫理學
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學
環境 與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系
環境倫理
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T00. 簡介：環境倫理與哲學
Part I 倫理與科學
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T01. 道德哲學(moral philosophy)：理性與感性
T02. 道德考量(moral consideration)：倫理與科學
T03. 倫理與經濟：公有財 (The Common Good)
Part II 倫理推定(presumptions)的建構與驗證
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T04.
T05.
T06.
T07.
T08.
責任
品性
關係
權利
後果
(duty)：自然和未來世代
(character)：生態美德
(relationships)：同理心與正直
(rights)：人類與動物
(consequences)：預測未來
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
環境倫理學
Part III 自然學習 (Learning from Nature)
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T09.
 T10.
 T11.
 T12.
 T13.
 T14.
 T15.
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生活：可持續消費
環境政策：政府、機構和NGOs
健康環境：空氣與水
農業：土地與食物
公有地：適應式管理
城鄉生態學：綠色建構
氣候變遷：全球溫化
Ayo Env. Ethics 2011
Part II 倫理推定(presumptions)的建構與驗證
T05. 品行(character)：生態美德
鄭先祐 (Ayo) 教授 國立臺南大學
環境 與生態學院 生態科學與技術學系
T05.
品行(character)：生態美德
責任 (Duty)
責任論的
倫理
Ethics
Deontological
目的論的
Teleological
好行為
Right action
權利 (Rights)
做好
Being good
品行
(Character)
後果
Consequences
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關係
(Relationships)
T05.
品行(character)：生態美德
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Being good
Children’s stories
Christian stewardship
Virtues: integrity, gratitude, and frugality
Respecting and appreciating nature
Summary
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1. Being good
In the play Antigone (安蒂格妮) by Sophocles
(495-406 BC), a young woman defies (公然蔑視) the
king’s edict (勒令) by burying the body of her
brother, who was slain(殺死) as a rebel.
Antigone justifies disobeying the law of the land by
proclaiming her allegiance(忠貞) to an eternal law,
which she claims has greater authority than the
decisions of any human ruler.
Tragically, her act of love and faith results in her
death.
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Apology
In ancient Greece the death of Socrates
was also tragic, as Plato (424-348BC) tells us
in his Apology.
 Socrates accepts the judgment of the
Athenian senate, for corrupting young people,
although he knows his sentence is unjust.
 He drinks the cup of hemlock that causes his
death, as a way of affirming that a good
citizen should abide by the rule of law.
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The natural law tradition
According to Aristotle, there is a reason for
everything, and every living organism has a good of
its own.
The pursuit of happiness is our natural disposition.
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Because we are social beings, happiness requires
cooperating to realize the common good.
Being good person involves understanding human
nature through reason.
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The natural law tradition
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Virtue requires practical wisdom
Moderation(溫和、穩健) was the virtue of all virtues,
the “golden mean”.
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Too much courage is foolhardy(有勇無謀)
Too much pride is vanity (自負、虛榮).
Maintaining good habits would strengthen the
virtues necessary for human flourishing(繁榮).
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We learn to do what is right by becoming, through
discipline, the good people that we are created to be.
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The Tao(道) tradition
Being a good person means conforming to
the way of Tao(道), which is understood as
the order of nature of the natural order of
society.
 老子寫道德經(500BC)
 孔子的論語 (551-479BC)
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Moral presumptions
The natural law tradition assert that we
should resist human law that conflicts with
higher law.
 Aristotle praised the virtue of moderation and
criticized humility(謙卑), as having too little
self-regard.
 Aquinas endorsed humility and the virtues of
faith, hope, and charity(慈善) as crucial for a
good and happy life.
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Moral presumptions
In the Tao tradition human flourishing is
understood as harmony rather than as
happiness,
 The Tao Te Ching recommends the virtues of
mercy and humility.
 We should learn from the natural order.
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2. Children’s stories
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Cinderella(灰姑娘)：Does not tell us how to care
for the earth, but it does offer hope in facing what
appears to be a hopeless situation – and a sense of
hope will be important as we confront the
environmental crisis.
Johnny Appleseed：was known by 1806,
transported apple seeds to the frontier and planted
nurseries for settlers who would come later. To live
in nature with greater simplicity(簡約) and
gratitude(感恩) – virtues that seem to contribute
to a more ecological way of being a good person.
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3. Christian stewardship
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New Testament commandment (戒律)：To be
persons who love God and their neighbors – implies
a more caring attitude toward the natural world.
Catholic Ethics：Catholic social teaching has
transformed the New Testament commandment to
be loving persons into a call to reclaim “our
vocation(使命) as God’s stewards of all creation”.
(好管家) to eradicate actions and policies which
perpetuate various forms of environmental
racism, and to work for an economy which focuses
more on equitable sustainability.
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Protestant(新教徒) teaching
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The same love for God and neighbor that compels
us to preach salvation(救贖) through Jesus Christ,
protect the unborn, preserve the family and sanctity
(聖潔) of marriage, and take the whole Gospel to a
hurting world, also compels us to recognize that
human-induced climate change is a serious
Christian issue requiring action now.
Christian moral convictions (道德信念) that
require a faithful response to climate change.
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Virtues: integrity, gratitude,
and frugality
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Johnny Appleseed exemplifies frugality (簡約) and
gratitude (感恩).
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The Lord is good to me, and so I thank the Lord
For giving me the things I need: the sun, the rain
and the apple seed, The Lord is good to me
And every seed that grows will grow into a tree
And some day there’ll be apples there for everyone
in the world to share, The Lord is good to me.
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4. Virtues: integrity,
gratitude, and frugality
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Cinderella had integrity, she was not corrupted by
the meanness(惡意行為) of her stepmother and
stepsisters.
Despite her suffering, Cinderella persevered (堅持)
in being a good person.
The moral of her story may be that living with
integrity leads to happiness.
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5. Respecting and
appreciating nature
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“New politics” that requires a mood of gratitude(感
恩), joy(愉悅), and pride(自尊), not sadness(悲傷),
fear(害怕), and regret(後悔).
For a person’s attitude toward nature may be
importantly connected with virtues or human
excellences (卓越).
 Proper humility(適當謙卑), self-acceptance,
gratitude, and appreciation of the good in
others.
 Love of nature is connected to human virtues.
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Being grateful
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Good persons cherish (愛護) things for their own
sake.
Bryan Norton (a moral philosopher) told a story of a
young girl picking up sand dollars on a beach.
When he asked her what she would do with them,
she said she was going to bleach them and then sell
them to tourists.
The sand dollars had only economic value for her.
Norton admits that he was unable to think of a way
to persuade her that she might be a better person if
she could appreciate the sand dollars just as they.
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Being grateful
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Using our human freedom wisely.
 The freedom to collect sand dollars
 Goal of getting the little girl to put most of the
sand dollars back. Then, the young girl might
have killed some sand dollars to study them, but
she would still have respected sand dollars as
living things with a story to tell.
The virtue of being grateful for a stable
environment, because such an environment is
crucial for the exercise of our freedom, and the
freedom is one of our most precious values.
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Summary
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The natural law and Tao traditions look to nature to learn
how we should live. Good habits make good persons,
happiness requires civic virtues and cooperating for the
common good. Harmony, rather than happiness, is the way
of life in the Tao tradition.
Religious stories verify the virtues of integrity, gratitude,
and frugality.
We should be responsible stewards, because God has
entrusted humanity with care for the earth and its creatures.
Many Christians today are active in advocating for global
economic justice as well as environmentally
sustainable development.
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問題與討論
Ayo NUTN website:
http://myweb.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/