The Field of Psychology
What do you think Psychology is?
Think Pair Share
Psychology
Definition of Psychology
 Psychology is the
scientific study of mental
processes and behaviour.
Psychology is Theory Based
 Theory: a general frame
work for scientific study.
 Psychologist break the
theory into smaller
components to gather
evidence to prove their
theory
History of Psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
 The “father of psychology”
 1879 he started the first
laboratory for studying
humans.
 Believed you could train
peoples brains to acutely
describe sensations.
 They described 44000
sensations before they
realized there was little
similarities between
sensations
Wilhelm Wundt
 Wundt realized that humans were far to complex to
be measured in mechanical measurements.
 Which encouraged Wundt to look towards the
emotional side of the brain.
 Posing the question how to people feel
 This question formulated the concept of
introspection
 The process of looking into yourself and describing what is
there.
When do you use the process of
introspection?
Wundt
 Wundt major contribution to psychology was
showing the scientific world that human mental
processing could be measured in a scientific manner.
Sigmund Freud
 The father of
psychoanalysis
 First comprehensive
theories of personality.
 Focused how personality
is developed
 Described the
Unconscious Mind.
Freud
 Elaborated the theory that the mind is a complex
energy-system. In fact its so complex it has three
parts:
 The Id
 The Ego
 The Superego
 all developing at different stages in our lives.
Id
 The id consists of all the inherited components of
personality, including the sex instinct
 Eros—t he libido
 Thanatos– aggressive (death) instinct
 The id is the impulsive part of our psyche which responds
directly and immediately to the instincts.
 The id demands immediate satisfaction and when this
happens we experience pleasure, when it is denied we
experience ‘unpleasure’ or pain.
 The id is not affected by reality, logic or the everyday
world.
 Operates on the pleasure principle
Ego
 The ego develops in order to mediate between the unrealistic id
and the external real world.
 The ego operates according to the reality principle, working our
realistic ways of satisfying the id’s demands, often
compromising or postponing satisfaction.
 Like the id, the ego seeks pleasure and avoids pain but unlike the
id the ego is concerned with devising a realistic strategy to
obtain pleasure.
 The ego has no concept of right or wrong; something is good
simply if it achieves its end of satisfying without causing harm to
itself or to the id.
Superego
 The superego incorporates the values and morals of
society
 The superego's function is to control the id's
impulses, especially those which society forbids
 i.e sex and aggression.
 It also has the function of persuading the ego to turn
to moralistic goals rather than simply realistic ones
and to strive for perfection.
Superego
 The superego consists of two systems:
 Conscience
 Ideal self
 The conscience can punish the ego through causing
feelings of guilt.
 The ideal self (or ego-ideal) is an imaginary picture of
how you ought to be, and represents career
aspirations, how to treat other people, and how to
behavior as a member of society.
Check and Reflect
 Why don’t I have more of an Id?
 Why do some people have weaker of stronger id’s
ego’s and superego’s?
 If the Id is anger and sex, why is murder worse thing
then rape?
 How many theories do we need to know for this
class?
 How they know if all of this stuff is true?
John B. Watson
 Was one the first
psychologist to study the
impact of learning on
human emotion.
 His theory inspired the
behaviorist approach.
 Most famous for his
“Little Albert”
experiment.
“Little Albert”
 In his most famous and
controversial experiment
 They conditioned a small
child to fear a white rat.
 They accomplished this
by repeatedly pairing the
white rat with a loud,
frightening clanging
noise.
Multiple Intelligences
Howard Gardner
Howard Gardner
• Believed people have
a unique
combinations of
intelligences
• There are 7 different
types of intelligences
Linguistic
• words and language,
written and spoken;
retention, interpretation
and explanation of ideas
and information via
language, understands
relationship between
communication and
meaning
Typical Roles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Writers
Lawyers
Journalists
Speakers
Trainers
Copy-Writers
English Teachers
Poets
Editors
•
•
•
•
•
Linguists
Translators
PR consultants
Media Consultants
TV and Radio
Presenters
• Voice-Over Artistes
Logical-Mathematical
• logical thinking,
detecting patterns,
scientific reasoning and
deduction; analyse
problems, perform
mathematical
calculations, understands
relationship between
cause and effect towards
a tangible outcome or
result
Typical Roles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Scientists
Engineers
Computer Experts
Accountants
Statisticians
Researchers
Analysts
Traders
Bankers Bookmakers
•
•
•
•
•
Insurance Brokers
Negotiators
Deal-Makers
Trouble-Shooters
Directors
Musical
•
musical ability,
awareness,
appreciation and use
of sound; recognition
of tonal and rhythmic
patterns, understands
relationship between
sound and feeling
Typical Roles
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Musicians
Singers
Composers
DJ's
Music Producers
Piano Tuners
Acoustic Engineers
Entertainers
Party-Planners
• Noise Advisors
• Voice Coaches
Bodily-Kinesthetic
• body movement
control, manual
dexterity, physical
agility and balance;
eye and body
coordination
Typical Roles
• dancers, demonstrators, actors, athletes, divers,
sports-people, soldiers, fire-fighters, PTI's,
performance artistes; ergonomists, osteopaths,
fishermen, drivers, crafts-people; gardeners,
chefs, acupuncturists, healers, adventurers
Spatial-Visual
• visual and spatial
perception;
interpretation and
creation of visual images;
pictorial imagination and
expression; understands
relationship between
images and meanings,
and between space and
effect
Typical Roles
• artists, designers, cartoonists, story-boarders,
architects, photographers, sculptors, townplanners, visionaries, inventors, engineers,
cosmetics and beauty consultants
Interpersonal
• perception of other
people's feelings;
ability to relate to others;
interpretation of
behaviour and
communications;
understands the
relationships between
people and their
situations, including
other people
Typical Roles
• Therapists
• HR
professionals
• Mediators
• Leaders
• Counsellors
• Politicians
• Educators
• sales-people
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clergy
• coaches and
mentors
Psychologists
Teachers
Doctors
Healers
Organisers
Carers
advertising
professionals
Intrapersonal
•
self-awareness,
personal cognisance,
personal objectivity,
the capability to
understand oneself,
one's relationship to
others and the world,
and one's own need
for, and reaction to
change
Typical Roles
• arguably anyone who is self-aware and involved
in the process of changing personal thoughts,
beliefs and behaviour in relation to their
situation, and other people.
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
An approach that views
behaviour as strongly
influenced by
physiological functions
 Biopsychologists
examine behaviour like
this in terms of the
physical changes that
take place
 Biopsychologist can be
found researching
physical changes that
take place in depression.

 The
behavioural
approach is an
approach that views
behaviour as the
product of learning and
associations
 Behaviour is viewed as
a product of learned
responses
 Psychoanalysis
is a
system that views the
individual as the
product of unconscious
forces
 Behavior is viewed and
a reflection of the
unconscious
aggressive and sexual
impulses
 Humanistic
approach
is an approach that
views people as
basically good and
capable of helping
themselves
 Behaviour is viewed as
a reflection of internal
growth
Cognitive approach is an
approach that
emphasizes how
humans use mental
processes to handle
problems or develop
certain personality
characteristics
 Behaviour is viewed as a
product of various
internal sentences, or
thoughts

Sociocultural approach
is an approach that
views behaviour as
strongly influenced by
the rules and
expectations of specific
social groups or cultures.
 Behaviour is viewed as
strongly influenced by
the expectations of
social groups or cultures

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Split into groups
Each group covers one form of approach
o Teach fellow classmates about psychological approach
• What are the characteristic of that approach?
• How does this approach look at behaviour?
• What are the careers specialize in this approach?
o MAKE IT MEMORABLE!!
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Biopsychological
Behavioural
Psychoanalytic
Humanistic
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Powerpoint
Prezi
Song
Keep in mind multiple intelligences
Carl Jung
Carl Jung
O Jung was a colleague of
Freud
O He was obsessed with
the unconscious mind
O But, Jung viewed the
unconscious mind
differently than Freud
O Jung saw personality
development as lifelong
process of striving to
reconcile opposite urges
Jung’s Theory
The Psyche and the Self
Compensation:
O principle of the
relationships between the
unconscious and
consciousness, by which the
unconscious provides what
is missing from
consciousness to make a
complete whole
Example:
O dreaming about aggression,
to compensate for lack of
conscious awareness of
aggressive impulses
O developing a psychosomatic
illness that makes you tired,
to compensate for
neglecting your need for
rest
Ego
O Jung defines
this as the
unconscious
mind
Personal Unconscious
O In Jung’s theory of
personality, one of
the two levels of the
unconscious; it
contains the
individual’s repressed
thoughts, forgotten
experiences, and
undeveloped ideas.
Collective Unconscious
O The level of the
unconscious that
is inherited and
common to all
members of a
species.
Collective Unconscious
O
O
O
O
archetypes
inherited; genetic basis ("racial unconscious")
shadow and anima/animus as archetypes
other archetypes
O
O
O
O
O
O
The Great Mother
The Spiritual Father
The Hero
The Trickster
Mandala
Transformation
O Psychosis: Dangers of the Collective
Unconscious
SHADOW
 those part of the
psyche that is
rejected from
consciousness by
ego because they are
inconsistent with
one’s self-image
 Example:
Unacceptable sexual
desires and
aggression
ANIMA & ANIMUS
O Rejecting qualities that are incompatible
O
O
O
O
O
with identity
man’s inner feminine (anima)
woman’s inner masculine (animus)
Man possessed by Anima is moody and
emotional
Woman possessed by animus is
opinionated and power hungry
projection of anima and animus
Archetype
O In Jung’s theory of personality, thought forms
common to all human beings, stored in the collective
unconscious.
O 4 main archetypes:
O
O
O
O
The Self
The Shadow
The Anima
The Animus
O Commonly seen archetypes
O The Child
O The Hero
O The Great Mother
Persona
O According to Jung, our public self, the mask
we wear to represent ourselves to others.
Extrovert
O According to Jung, a
person who usually
focuses on social
life and the external
world instead of on
his or her internal
experience.
Introvert
O A person who
usually focuses
on his or her
own thoughts
and feelings.
 Focuses
on uniqueness of each person
 Denies universal biological drives and
goals
 Always
present as motivating force in
behavior
 Source of all human striving
 Growth results from compensation:
attempts to overcome inferior feelings
 Inability
to overcome inferiority feelings:
helpless, poor self-opinion
 3 Sources:
• Organic: Physical deficits
• Spoiling: Immediate gratification, little regard for
needs of others
• Neglect: Lack love, security, develop feelings of
worthlessness
 Overcompensate
for feelings of
inferiority
 Exaggerated opinion of one’s abilities
and accomplishments
 Ultimate
goal of life
 Drive to perfection
 Not an attempt to be better than others
 Fictional finalism: Reach goals set in the
future to be complete, whole
• Potential goals guide behavior
 Expression
of striving for superiority to
attain goals
 Learned from early social interactions
 Guiding framework for all later behaviors
 Ability
to create an appropriate style of
life
 We create ourselves, personality and
character
 Reactions and interpretations of
experience more important than actual
experience

Problems:
• Involving behavior toward others
• Occupational
• Relationships/Love

Styles of Life: Specific Types
• Dominant: Little social awareness
• Getting: Expects to receive satisfaction from others,
becomes dependent
• Avoiding: Avoids life’s problems
• Socially useful: Cooperates with others, shows social interest
 Innate
potential to cooperate with others
to reach personal and societal goals
 Individual must cooperate with and
contribute to society to achieve goals
 Major
social influence in childhood
 First born: Oriented to past, role of
leader, organized, scrupulous
 Second born: Optimistic, competitive,
ambitious
 Youngest: High achievers or helpless and
dependent
 Only child: Difficulty when not center of
attention, mature early

Early Recollections:
• Personality created in first 4-5 years
• Earliest memories: reveal primary interest in life
• Ex: 1st school memory: Attitudes toward achievement,
mastery and independence

Dream Analysis:
• Reveal feelings about current problem and intended
solution
• Oriented to present and future, not past
• Ex: School exams: Unprepared in situations
 Dreams: Support
for solving current
problems
 Early Recollections: Early memories may
be associated with later problems Ex:
Criminals
 Neglected children: Later showed more
depression (inferiority)
Social Interest: Higher social interest=less
depression and stress, higher empathy and
popularity
 Birth Order:

• 1st born: Overrepresented in achievement- oriented
positions
• 2nd born: No support for competitive, ambitious nature
• Last born: More likely to become alcoholics than 1st born
(pampered excessively)
• Only: Adjustment, initiative comparable to groups with
siblings
Research v.s. Applied Psychology
Research
 Psychologist who study the
origin, cause, or result of a
behaviour.
Applied Psychology
 Psychologists who uses the
direct information from the
research psychologist, to deal
with their clients.
Scientific Method
Scientific Methods
 Placebo
 a “medicine” that has no active ingredients and works
by the power of suggestion.
 Studies on pain relief remedies illustrates that 50% of
pain is “cured” by the power of suggestion
Double-blind Study
 A study during which neither participants nor
researches know to which group any subject belongs
Hypothesis
 A statement of the results that the experimenter
expects
Subjects
 People or animals on whom the study is conducted
Variables
 Factors that change in an experiment
 Independent variables
 The factor that the experimenter manipulates or
changes in a study
 Dependent variables:
 The factor in a study that changes or varies as a result of
changes in the independent variables.
Types of Studies
 Field Study
 Research that takes place in a laboratory
 Experimental Group
 The group on which the critical part of the experiment in
performed
 Controlled group
 The group that does not participate in the critical part of
the experiment
Survey Method
Survey
 A method of research that involves asking subjects
questions about their feelings, opinions, or behaviour
patterns
Sample Types
 Sample
 a group that repersents a larger group
 Representative Sample
 A group that truly reflects a selected characteristics of a
larger population
Survey Creation
 Must create a hypothesis and indicate the different variables
included in your study.
 Must have at least 10 questions
 Some psychology survey topics
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Intelligence
motivation
Learning
Personality
Hobbies
Bullying
Pick a topic that interests you. For example internet consumption,
favorite food, or favorite music
Clinical
Hypnosis
Acknowledgements
This presentation was adapted with
permission from:
Melanie A. Gold, D.O.
Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
University of Pittsburgh Student Health
Service
Objectives
 Define clinical hypnosis
 Define typical hypnotic phenomena
 Identify the appropriate application of
hypnosis in the clinical setting
 Know how to introduce hypnosis to
patients and their families
 Know how to obtain training and
certification in clinical hypnosis
 Have participated in/observed clinical
hypnosis
Definition
 Derived
from the term "neuro-hypnotism"
(nervous sleep) coined by Dr. James
Braid, 1841. (Wikipedia)
Hypnosis
 An
altered state of consciousness
 Usually, but not always, involving
relaxation (which may or may not be
evident)
 A heightened concentration on a
particular idea or image
 Purpose of altering a symptom
Misconceptions About Hypnosis
Misconceptions
 Patient
is under control of
hypnotherapist
 Patient is asleep
 Only a few people can be hypnotized
 Only the weak-willed or minded can
be hypnotized
 Hypnosis masks symptoms
 All the patient’s psychiatric defense
mechanisms are abolished in trance
All hypnosis is self
hypnosis
3 Laws of Hypnosis
 Subject
must have a clear image of
what the result would feel and be like
 When will and imagination (or belief)
are in conflict, imagination wins out
 A suggestion is more likely to be
accepted when tied to a positive
emotion or affect with which the
subject can identify
Hypnotic Phenomena
Cognitive Characteristics
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Relaxation
Concentration
Increased suggestibility
Hypermnesia/Amnesia
Increased control of
physiologic responses
Perception of different
states
Concrete thinking
Physical Characteristics
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Muscle relaxation
Twitching
Lacrimation
Fluttering eyelids
Eye closure
Eye movements beneath lids
Changes in respiratory
rate/depth
Changes in pulse
Jaw relaxation (drooling)
Catalepsy (suspended
animation)
Decreased postural tone
Hypnotic phenomena
 Rapport
 Ambulation
 Catalepsy
 Ideo-motor
activity
(not reflex)
 Ideo-sensory
activity
 Memory
modification
in
trance
 Time distortion
 Hypnotic dreaming
 Age regression
 Post-hypnotic
suggestion
Associated and Adverse
Effects
Associated Effects
 Relaxation
 Headache
 Dizziness
 Nausea
 Anxiety
 Tearing or crying
Adverse Effects
 Precipitate
psychotic or panic
reaction
 Precipitate suicidal
behavior
 Symptom
substitution
Problems that Respond to
Hypnosis
 Acute
and chronic pain
 Anxiety associated with procedures or
illness
 Asthma
 Attention deficit disorder
 Cerebral palsy
 Conditioned nausea and vomiting
Problems that Respond to
Hypnosis
 Diabetes
mellitus
 Dysfluency
 Encopresis
 Enuresis
 Facial tics
 Habit coughs
 Insomnia
Problems that Respond to
Hypnosis
 Migraine
syndromes
 Nail biting
 Nightmares
 Performance anxiety
 Pruritis
 Psychogenic seizures
Problems that Respond to
Hypnosis
 Thumb
sucking
 Tongue thrusting
 Tourette syndrome
 Trichotillomania
 Warts
Appropriate Use of Hypnosis
Hypnosis is indicated when:
 One is responsive to hypnotic
suggestion
 A problem is treatable with hypnosis
 Good rapport exists between the
patient and the therapist
 Patient is motivated to remedy the
problem
 No iatrogenic harm is anticipated
by use
Inappropriate Use of Hypnosis
Hypnosis is contraindicated when:
 It would lead to physical
endangerment
 It may aggravate existing problems or
create new ones
 It is used for “fun” or entertainment
 The problem is more effectively and
appropriately treated with a different
treatment modality (e.g. medication
or family therapy)
Rules for Using Hypnosis
 Never
treat a condition you are not
qualified to treat without hypnosis
 Never use authoritarian symptom removal
 Do not use for entertainment
Factors Affecting Efficacy
Patient
 Age
 Intellectual ability
 Context of
symptom
 Acceptability of
hypnosis
 Hypnotizability (?)
Provider
 Attitude towards
hypnosis
 Belief in hypnosis
 Skill in developing
rapport
 Skill in encouraging
trance capacity
Factors Affecting Efficacy
Milieu
 Attitude
of family towards symptoms and
hypnosis
 Societal or cultural attitudes toward
symptom and hypnosis
 Attitude of staff towards symptom and
hypnosis
Introducing Hypnosis
 Learn
about the patient
 Learn about the problem
 Explain “hypnosis”.. Or not
 Elicit patient and family beliefs
 Demystify
 Use resources
 Consider the context
Introducing Hypnosis

Using your mind, Pretending about, Imagery,
Imagining, Imaging, Using Imagery,
Biofeedback, Personal biofeedback, Mindbody interactions, Inside thinking, Inside
talking with your [stomach, head, breathing
tubes, muscles, bladder..], Relaxing and
imagining, Daydreaming, Daydreaming on
purpose, Thinking to help yourself, Meditation
on your…, Learning how you work the controls
in your mind, Learning about what you didn’t
know that you knew, Finding out what
breathing can do
Goals of Clinical Hypnosis
 Develop
skills in psychophysiological selfregulation
 Balance allopathic therapy (medical
treatment) with self-efficacy
 Develop integrity in therapeutic
relationships
Steps in Clinical Hypnosis
 Induction
 Intensification
 Therapy
in Trance
 Usual Awareness
 Ratification/Reflection
 Follow-up
Clinical Hypnosis
 Useful
therapeutic tool – not a cure all
 An adjunct to medical or psychiatric
therapy, usually not the primary treatment
 Requires self-motivation
 Not effective when there is a significant
secondary gain maintaining symptom
 Essentially no adverse effects
 Gives patient a sense of mastery and
control of symptoms
Specialized Fields of Psychology
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Educational
Media
Adulthood and Aging
Engineering
Rehabilitation
Community
Forensic Psychology
Consumer Behaviour
Women Shelters
Teaching
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Experimental
Psychological Testing
Physiological
Developmental
Personality and Social
Behaviour
Clinical
Industrial
Sports
Environmental
Where Psychologist Work
Jobs
10%
16%
42%
32%
Universities, college,
schools
, industry, and selfemployed
Non-profit organizations
Government