ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography: Obesity in Adolescence
Amanda Webster
Bryant & Stratton College
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cui, Wanjun, Zack, Matthew, & Wethington, Holly (September 2014) Health-related quality of
life and body mass index among US adolescents. Quality of Life Research. Vol 23 Issue 7,
p2139-2150 12p 4 Charts. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=97545810&site=eds-live
A study examining the health related differences of adolescents of the US. Is obesity on the rise
in the youth of America? In this study they looked at boys and girls ages 12 – 17. They studied
6,000 US adolescents in obese, overweight, normal weight, and even underweight. Boys and
girls were studies separately. This took place over a nine year span from 2001 to 2010. Using
Cross Sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. They looked at the
adolescent in four different categories of Body Mass Index (BMI). Self-rated health, physically
unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days and activity limitation days. Large gaps in self related
health exists between normal weight adolescents. 18% of obese adolescents reported fair or poor
health compared to only five percent of normal weight adolescents. 37% reported excellent or
very good health.
Obesity is on the rise in the adolescents of America. An estimated 15% of US adolescents are
overweight. The strengths of this study are that they choose to study girls and boys separately,
and to test in four different categories. Along with using 6,000 adolescent participants, all
ranging in different categories of weight and even underweight. The only issue found to bring
weakness to this study is that surveys were used and you don’t truly know if people are being
honest when doing the survey so it brings questionable evidence to the study.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Mirmirani P; Permanente Medical Group, Vallejo, California; Case Western Reverse University,
Cleveland, Ohio; University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Carpenter
DM. (March-April 2014) Skin disorders associated with obesity in children and adolescents: a
population-based study. Pediatric Dermatology. Vol. 31 (2) pp 183-90 Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=24329996&site=eds-live
Obesity in the adolescents of America has become a major health concern. One in every six
children are obese and 31.6 percent are overweight. Are children who are obese or overweight at
higher risk for skin disorders? In this study there were 248,775 participants who were all children
from the United States of America. This study took place over a span of ten years, 2002 through
2012. Data was collected electronically on demographic characteristics, vital signs, outpatient
and inpatient diagnoses and procedures, and ambulatory pharmacy and laboratory use are
collected for all patients and maintained in the Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC)
data base. The study was approved by the KPNC Region Institutional Review Board and funded
by the Community Benefit Program. Tests were done on different categories; insulin resistant,
androgen excess, skin infections, dermatology encounters and inflammation. When it comes to
insulin resistant the risk factor was the strongest with obesity. Disorders with androgen excess
were less common than children with a normal body mass index. Children that are obese or
overweight proved to be more prone to skin infections and fungal infections. Dermatology
encounters were not greater with obese or overweight children than the average child with a
normal body mass index. When studying inflammation it was found that children under ten years
of age who are obese or overweight are more prone to have inflammation disorders.
When breaking down different skin disorders in this study some were proven to be related to
obesity, while others were found to have no ties with weight in a child. In this study the use of
data was very promising, this was not a survey based study which makes the outcomes accurate.
The fact that this was broken down into different skin disorders gives it a lot of strength.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Taber, Daniel; Stevens June; Poole, Charles; Maciejewski, Matthew; Evenson, Kelly; Ward,
Dianne. (February 2012) State Disparities in Time Trends of Adolescent Body Mass Index
Percentile and Weight-Related Behaviors in the United States. Journal of Community Health
37(1): 242-252. Retrieved From
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=104630558&site=eds-live
There is conflicting evidence as to whether obesity in adolescence has reached a plateau in the
U.S. Trends vary by state, experts are recommending exploring whether trends in weight-related
behaviors are linked with changes in weight status trends. In 2001 they obtained survey data
from 272,044 adolescents living in 29 different states. Ages ranged from 12 to 19 years of age
and they continued to study this group of adolescents till the year 2007. The objective of this
study was to build upon previous studies of obesity trends and address the gaps. They are
estimating between state variations in adolescent’s time trends in body mass index (BMI)
percentile and weight related behaviors. Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data testing for
non-linear trends and identifying behavioral, demographics and contextual factors that
distinguish states with different trends. The results of these study’s among boys and girls the
BMI percentile in 2001 was 57.67 and for the boys it was 63.57. In boys there was a modest
increase overtime by 0.18 units per year. Among girls the BMI increased throughout the study
time but the magnitude of increase declined 1.02 units from 2001 to 2002.
After studying for multiple years and using data that was designed to represent each state
individually the BMI percentile has not peaked in many of the states being studied. The strength
of this study is that it was performed over a six year period using surveys of representative data
throughout those years. The issue with this study is that they didn’t test all states, they only
received information providing data for research for 29 out of 52 states. They were also limited
to self- reporting behaviors which could also prove this study’s data to be untruthful and prove
this study to be wrong in many ways.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Richardson, A. S.; Deitz, W. H.; Gordon-Larson, P. (October 2014). The association between
childhood sexual and physical abuse with incident adult severe obesity across 13 years of the
National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Pediatric Obesity. 9(5): 351-361. (11p)
Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=103888250&site=eds-live
This study estimates adult-onset obesity in individuals with history of childhood physical and / or
sexual abuse. Comparing these results to individuals that did not report abuse in their childhood.
Being exposed to sexual or physical abuse as a child may put that person at a higher risk for
severe obesity as they get older. In this study they looked at 20,745 adolescents in grades seventh
through twelfth. They studied non-minority and minority males and females. They also followed
them throughout their life with four exams as they got older. This took place in 1994 and ended
in 2009, a 15 year process for this particular study. 80 high schools and 52 middle schools were
randomly selected for the study. During this study they used a wave schedule with four different
levels, wave I, wave II, wave III and wave IIII. Height and weight were measured using normal
procedures for wave I. They used this method so they could collect data from the same people
over a long period of time. Wave I took place in 1994-1995 collecting data from the adolescents
for the first step of the study. Wave II took place in 1996 where they followed up with the same
participants from wave I the original study. These children were now in eight through twelfth
grade, including dropouts, ages 12 to 22 years. In the third study wave III they followed up with
the same people from wave I, ignoring wave II, measuring height and weight. At this point the
participants were now 18 to 28 years old in 2001 and 2002. The next study wave IV they again
followed up with the participants from wave I again, ignoring wave II and wave III, measuring
height and weight. The participants were now 24-34 years old in the years 2008 and 2009. Only
a quarter of respondents reported any abuse in their childhood making low markings for sexual
abuse and an absence of physical abuse. The abuse rates varied with different sex and race/
ethnicity. Obesity was higher with minority than non-minority females who reported sexual
abuse occurrences in their life. In this study they were unable to estimate male non-minority and
minorities; due to only a few males reporting sexual abuse.
Study’s found an association between obesity and childhood abuse, but there were too many
inconsistencies by sex or race and abuse type. Only height and weight were measured over a
period of time, with no other habits being part of the study or talked about other than sexual and
physical abuse. With reports being submitted by surveys from participants the strength varies.
This study’s strength is the amount of participants they have, and the years they dedicated to the
research for this study.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Rossen, Laruen M. (February 2014) Neighbourhood economic deprivation explains racial/ethnic
disparities in overweight and obese among children and adolescents in the USA. Journal of
epidemiology & Community Health. 68(2): 123-129 (7p) Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ccm&AN=103994354&site=eds-live
Low income families living in subpopulations are more likely to suffer with obesity. Do
neighborhood-level socioeconomic have an impact on obesity in adolescents in the United
States? Using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys that are linked to census
tract-level socioeconomic characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to
examine neighborhood deprivation in association with odds of obesity. They had 17,100
participants ages 2 through 18. This took place from 2001 to 2007 a six year process. The results
of this study they found that in areas where there is a lack of material benefits that are considered
to be necessities; there were higher odds of obesity but only among children that lived above the
poverty threshold.
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status (SES) is proven to partake as a contributing factor in
obesity. One reason for this is inadequate access to supermarkets and resources for physical
activity. In these neighborhood there is an abundance of corner stores and fast food outlets.
Resulting in poor dietary intake and lower activity levels. When researching the SES levels of
different neighborhoods it was only performed once when the study first started in 2001. There is
a good chance that the SES changed over the six years it took for this study. Therefor the study
may be proven wrong if someone researched the same thing but checked the SES every year the
study collecting as much research needed to make it accurate.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Phillips, K; Schieve, L; Visser, S; Boulet, S; Sharma, A; Kogan, M; Boyle, C; Yeargin-Allsopp,
M. (October 2014) Prevalence and Impact of Unhealthy Weight in a National Sample of US
Adolescents with Autism and Other Learning and Behavioral Disabilities. Maternal & Child
Health Journal. 18(8): 1964-1975. (12p) Retrieved from
Obesity is estimated as 20 percent among children aged 6-17, while studies have suggested an
even higher estimated amount on children who have developmental disabilities. Is obesity more
likely to happen to children who have learning and behavioral disabilities? National Health
Interview Survey with parents reporting weight and height and development disorders were used
in this study. There were 9,619 adolescents’ ages 12 to 17 years. This took place in 2008 through
2010, only two years. They divided the developmental disorders into subgroups such as Autism;
intellectual disabilities; attention-deficit-hyperactive-disorder; learning disorder and other
developmental delays. The Autism subgroup has the highest elevated level of obesity. The final
study included 1,478 adolescents who had one or more learning / behavioral developmental
disorders and 8,141 adolescents without any developmental disorders. In this study they found
that US adolescents with learning / behavioral developmental disorders are 60 percent more
likely to be obese and also 60 percent are likely to be underweight; than adolescents without
developmental disorders.
There are significant health risks with obesity in adolescents with developmental disorders. They
also found that children with autism have a 31.8 percent chance of being obese. Some children
with autism will only eat certain things, it gets looked at like at least their eating, even though
what they eat is food with high calorie counts or food with high levels of sugar. Also medications
given to children with developmental disorders have numerous side effects, including weight
gain and increased appetites. Although they used surveys, the parents of the children were the
ones filling them out and giving the information that was needed. This should make the answers
more realistic and true, but not asking or knowing what medications these children were on if
any and the side effects there could be a little leeway in the results.
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cynthia L. Ogden, PhD; Margaret D. Carroll, MSPH; Brian K. Kit, MD, MPH; Katherine M.
Flegal, PhD (February 2014) Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States,
2011-2012. Vol 311 Number 8. Retrieved from
http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=cmedm&AN=24570244&site=eds-live
The prevalence for obesity remained stable in 2003-2004 and 2009-2010, but there is still onethird of adults and 17 percent of the youth in America that are still obese and this is a cause for
concern. This study is to provide the most recent estimates nationwide of obesity in children and
analyze trends from 2003 to 2012. The National Health and Nutrition Survey was used in this
study for height and weight of 9,120 participants. These surveys were collected in 2011 and
2012, but they studied ages separately across 5 periods. These periods were 2003-2004, 20052006, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012. During this study they found that there was no
change in high weight and recumbent length in infants and toddlers, neither in the range of two
to 19 year olds, or in adults. There was a similarity between children and woman and there was
also a decrease in obesity in children ages two to five years old. In studying adults there was a
high rate for obesity in woman over the age of 60.
This study concluded that there is no overall change in obesity in youth and adults, but the
prevalence is still high. With that being sad there is still a need to study and surveillance the
percentage of obese children in America. This study used surveys to obtain their information
which can lead to using false information. Obesity has been an issue in America for some time
now, all the studies including this one prove that something needs to change to help are future
live longer.
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