Bellwork 9/15 Agenda 9/15- Ecology: How do science study the interactions between living things? Bellwork- MCAS question New information: Ecology- the study of the interactions between and among living things Activities: organization of living things card sort; food web HW- finish food web drawing (if time) What is Ecology? Study of interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment. Ernst Haeckel – coined term Ecology in 1866 Greek word “oikos” means house Natures “houses”come in many sizes Levels of Organization Activity Cut out the pictures, terms, and definitions. Match each term with its definition. Any terms with an asterisks * also has a picture. Write the definitions in your notes. TIP: many students mix up “population” and “community”make sure you can distinguish between these 2! Levels of Organization Ecologist study organisms ranging from the various levels of organization: Individual organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere Species Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring Individual Organism Canis lupus Population group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same area. Community an assemblage of different populations (different species) that live together in the same area Ecosystem Collection of organisms that live in a place with the nonliving environment Includes all biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) things in the area Biome Group of ecosystems with similar climate and dominant communities Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Northwestern coniferous forest Boreal forest (Taiga) Biome Group of ecosystems with the same climate and dominant communities Biosphere The part of the earth where life exists including land, water, air, and atmosphere Three Ecological Methods of Study Observing 1. • • • What species live here? How many individuals of each species are there? How does a change in the environment affect one or more populations in the area? Experimenting 2. • • Used to test a hypothesis Ex - making artificial environments in the lab Modeling 3. • • Making models to gain insight into complex phenomena Ex. - Global warming, weather prediction, storm tracking, population dynamics Bellwork 9/16 Agenda 9/16- Energy Flow Bellwork New information: energy flow, food webs, trophic levels, biotic interactions How does energy flow through an ecosystem? Activity: Finish food web activity Biotic Interactions videos HW- biotic interactions worksheet Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Autotrophs – make Heterotrophs – get their own food; PRODUCERS Auto- = self -troph = food their food from another source; CONSUMERS Hetero- = different Types of Consumers Herbi – Plant Carni – Meat Omni – Everything/All Detriti– Waste (detritus) -vore eater Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Detritivore Energy Flow C. Feeding Relationships 1. Food Chains 2. Food Webs: interconnected food chains 3. Trophic Levels: • • • • • • Decomposers Producers: plants, etc. Primary consumers: herbivores Secondary consumers: carnivores, omnivores Tertiary consumers: top-level carnivores, omnivores Higher-order consumers: quarternary, etc. carnivores How does Energy flow through an Ecosystem? Energy flows through an ecosystem in ONE direction, sun or chemicals Autotrophs heterotrophs IT DOES NOT GET RECYCLED! Feeding Relationships Food Chain – steps of organisms transferring energy by eating & being eaten; one at each level Food Web – network of all the food chains in an ecosystem Trophic Level – each step in a food chain or food web; an organisms position in the food web In food chains and webs, arrows point in the direction of energy flowTOWARD the one getting the energy (the “eater”) Trophic Levels Primary producer (aka producer) Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer And so on… (High Level Consumers) Food Web Activity Draw a food web with all of the organisms listed on your paper. Make sure that the arrows point in the right direction! Answer the questions Food Web Bellwork 9/17 Agenda 9/17- Biotic Interactions; Succession Bellwork New Information: Biotic Interactions; Succession; Competitive Exclusion Principle Lab/Activity: Biotic Interactions Worksheet; Succession Worksheet; Demo Biotic Factors: Community Interactions Competition for resources (-,-) Space, food, water, light, minerals, shelter, etc Predation and Herbivory (+,-) Symbiosis- two or more species interact together in a long-term relationship; at least one benefits Mutualism (+,+) Commensalism (+,0) Parasitism (+,-) Parasitoidism (+,-) Symbiosis: Mutualism (+,+) Both species benefit. Example- Lichens (?) are a sandwich of fungi and algae. The fungus attaches to log, rock, or brick wall; absorbs nutrients. It gets food from the algae. The alga uses the nutrients and water absorbed by the fungus and the carbon dioxide produced to photosynthesize. (but some algae can live well on their own, while the fungus can’t- could it be parasitism?) Example- Pollination of flower by bees Symbiosis: Commensalism One species benefits, the other is unaffected. Ex. Clownfish and sea anemone (?) Ex. Bird builds nest in a tree Clown Fish and Sea Anemone Symbiosis: Parisitism and Parisitoidism Parasitism (+,-) One species benefits, the other is harmed (but isn’t usually killed). Parasitoidism (+,-) One species benefits, the other is usually killed. A Human Parasite: Guinea Worm (Dracunculus medinensis) Braconid wasp larvae and Tomato hornworm Agenda 9/18- Biotic Interactions continued Bellwork- Yellowstone packet- multiple choice only New Information: Ecological Pyramids; Ecological Succession; Competitive Exclusion Principle; Predator-Prey Interactions Lab/Activity: Succession Worksheet Demo- Competitive Exclusion Principle Predator-Prey Graph Analysis Deer Graphing Activity HW- finish graphs and first 4 questions. Agenda 9/18 Quiz Tuesday, 9/22: vocabulary, notes (food webs, trophic levels, 10% “rule”, biotic interactions, predator-prey interactions) What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors • Biotic – Biological (living) influences on organisms within an ecosystem • Abiotic – Physical (nonliving) factors that shape ecosystems • What are some biotic and abiotic factors affecting the local ecosystem? What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Abiotic Biotic Photosynthesis 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Feeding Relationships Food Chain – steps of organisms transferring energy by eating & being eaten; one at each level Food Web – network of all the food chains in an ecosystem Trophic Level – each step in a food chain or food web; an organisms position in the food web In food chains and webs, arrows point in the direction of energy flowTOWARD the one getting the energy (the “eater”) Ecological Pyramids Trophic Level – each step in a food chain or food web Energy Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Energy - amount of energy available at each trophic level Only 10% of the energy from each trophic level is passed on to the next level Some energy is used by the organism for life processes. Some of the energy is lost as heat. Some is lost as waste (undigested materials). Pyramid of Numbers -relative number of individuals at each trophic level Ecological Succession Series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time. Primary succession- no soil ex. after volcanic eruption Secondary- soil remains ex. flood, abandoned farm land Ecological Succession Primary succession: Pioneer species- first species to populate an area Often lichens (can break down rock into soil) Ecological Succession Secondary Succession- soil is present Ex. After a fire in an ecosystem Homework Decide which partner will graph data set A and who will graph data set B. Make your graph large, use most of the paper. Label axes, and title your graph. This will be a line graph. Plot the data points, then connect the dots. Agenda 9/21- Continue with Biotic Factors Bellwork- Open Response Question (packet) New information: population ecology, predator-prey interactions, exponential growth Deer graphing activity- analyze graphs, answer questions (finish for HW, if needed) HW- Honors: plant-pollinator article and questions Competitive Exclusion Principle Demo As you observe the demo, think about what the phrase above might mean… Competitive Exclusion Principle No two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time. One species will outcompete the other. This will result in extinction (local or total), migration, or speciation (adapting to a different niche) of one or both species. Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler: Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches The Niche-how an organism uses the full range of biotic and abiotic conditions in its environment. Cape May Warbler Feeds at the tips of branches near the top of the tree Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeds in the middle part of the tree Spruce tree Yellow-Rumped Warbler Feeds in the lower part of the tree and at the bases of the middle branches MacArthur, R. H. 1958. Population ecology of some warblers of Northeastern coniferous forests. Ecology 39:599-619. Competitive Exclusion Principle Two species of paramecium compete for shared resources, an example of niche overlap. The take-home message: no two species can occupy exactly the same niche; one species will always lose due to competition. Graph Analysis- Predator-Prey Interactions Complete the worksheet in pairs (each will have their own worksheet) What pattern do you see on the graph? How do predators and their prey influence each other’s population size? What is a Population? A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species in the same place at the same time. Bellwork 9/22 CER- Do lions get energy from the sun? Agenda 9/22- CP Biology Bellwork New Information: Exponential vs. Logistic Growth Limits to growth Graphic Organizer Discuss deer graphing activity- make changes as needed and turn in Start matter cycles HW- Discovery Education Login = first-last Password = student ID number Characteristics of Populations Geographic Distribution - where can individuals be found? Density - how many individuals are there in a given area? • population density = # of individuals / unit area Growth Rate - how is the population number changing over time? U.S. Geographic Distribution Grizzly Range 1850 Growth Rate Table 2. Estimated grizzly bear population on Alberta provincial land (excluding national parks) from 1988 - 2000. Growth Rate Figure 1. Estimated grizzly bear population on Alberta provincial land (excluding national parks) from 1988 - 2000. Growth Rate N 575 536 547 638 669 686 700 735 765 776 833 857 865 Mean Annual Growth Rate Figure 1. Estimated grizzly bear population on Alberta provincial land (excluding national parks) from 1988 - 2000. Annual Change -39 11 91 31 17 14 35 30 11 57 24 8 24.2 Factors Affecting Population Size Number of births (+) Number of deaths (-) Number of individuals entering and leaving the population Emigration: movement of individuals out of the population (Exiting) (-) Immigration: movement of individuals Into the population (In) (+) How does this population size change? Initial population: 1000 Births: 300 Deaths: 250 Immigration: 100 Emigration: 150 What is the final population size? Predation Predator-Prey Interaction Theory Population Growth Population of E. coli in a nutrient rich broth (Some bacteria double population size every 20 minutes!) Characteristics of Exponential Growth Abundant space, food, etc (resources) Protected from predators and disease Under ideal (“perfect”) conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. J-shaped curve Periodic Exponential Growth Exponential growth Peak population size Rapid decline Steady population size Steady population size Gary Larson- The Far Side Science, Vol 302, Issue 5646, 866-868 , 31 October 2003 Exponential Growth Curve Population of E. coli in a nutrient rich broth Logistic Growth Curve Carrying capacity Limits to Growth Inflection Point Exponential Growth Time Logistic Growth Occurs when a population’s growth slows or stops after a period of exponential growth. Population runs out of resources or no longer have ideal conditions for growth. Carrying capacity- the maximum number of individuals of a population that an ecosystem can support Predation Predator-Prey Interaction Theory Predation Let’s look more closely at a biotic interaction: Predation! You will be analyzing your graphs- make sure you labeled the axes, with units, and gave the graph a specific title. Let’s read through the scenario together… HW- lab questions, if you don’t finish in class (1-4, then 1-9, so 14 questions total) Deer Graphing Discussion Which data set (A or B) represents data from scenario 1 (wolves)? Scenario 2 (island)? How do you know? When were wolves introduced, and in which graph is this shown? How do you know? Did the wolves have the impact you expected? How did wolves impact the carrying capacity for deer in the ecosystem? Questions? Predation Fig. 5-7, p. 126 Moose Wolves Agenda 9/23- Limits to Growth; Abiotic Factors, Biomes Bellwork- quiz New Information: Limits to growth, abiotic factors, biomes Activities: Carbon Cycle Activity, Biome Packet (finish for HW) Deer Graphing Discussion Which data set (A or B) represents data from scenario 1 (wolves)? Scenario 2 (island)? How do you know? When were wolves introduced, and in which graph is this shown? How do you know? Did the wolves have the impact you expected? How did wolves impact the carrying capacity for deer in the ecosystem? Questions? Limits to Population Growth Limiting Factor: Any biotic or abiotic factor in a population’s ecosystem that keeps the population from growing. Density Dependent Factors – factors that operate most strongly when populations become large and dense. Density Independent Factors – factors that affect a population regardless of the population size. Brainstorming! Think-Pair-Share THINK: List some factors that might limit a population’s growth- try to come up with at least 5. Next to each factor, place a D-D if it’s densitydependent and a D-I if it’s density-independent. PAIR: Share with the person sitting next to you. Write down any new ideas. Discuss whether factors are density-dependent or –independent. SHARE with the class. Limits to Population Growth Density Dependent Factors - factors that operate most strongly when populations become large and dense. Predation Disease Competition Parasitism/Parasitoidism Limits to Population Growth Density Independent Factors factors that affect a population regardless of the population size. Example: Large natural disturbances Concept Map Section 5-1 Population Growth can be Logistic growth Exponential growth characterized by No limits on growth Unlimited resources represented by Constant growth rate J-shaped curve characterized by Limits on growth which cause a Falling growth rate represented by S-shaped curve What Shapes an Ecosystem? • Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors • Biotic – Biological (living) influences on organisms within an ecosystem • Abiotic – Physical (nonliving) factors that shape ecosystems • What are some biotic and abiotic factors affecting the local ecosystem? What shapes an ecosystem? Biotic and Abiotic Factors Abiotic Biotic Biomes Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga) Biomes are primarily defined by their climate and dominant communities Major factors in the formation of climate are Solar radiation (angle that sun hits the earth in a given area at a specific time of year) The Greenhouse Effect Amount of Precipitation, humidity Elevation and Latitude Air and ocean currents Greenhouse Effect Natural phenomenon Sunlight Moderates Earth’s Some heat escapes into space temperature Would be 20 degrees Celsius COOLER without it Greenhouse gas Greenhouse gases trap some heat emissions Humans are adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (CO2, CH4, etc), amplifying the greenhouse effect. Atmosphere Earth’s surface Biome Worksheet Complete the packet. Be prepared to discuss the major abiotic factors influencing biomes, and how organisms are adapted to their particular biome. Bellwork 9/24 Agenda 9/24- CP Biology Review Biome homework packet Matter cycle notes Matter cycle activity- Carbon, Nitrogen, and Water HW: Honors- draw carbon cycle; CP- draw nitrogen cycle Unit Test Tuesday Biomes Tropical rain forest Temperate grassland Temperate forest Tundra Tropical dry forest Desert Northwestern coniferous forest Mountains and ice caps Tropical savanna Temperate woodland and shrubland Boreal forest (Taiga) Biomes based on temperature and rainfall Ten Major Biomes Biome Precipitation Temperature Soil Diversity Trees Grasses Tropical Rain Forest high hot poor high dense sparse Tropical Dry Forest variable mild rich moderate medium medium Tropical Savanna variable mild clay moderate sparse dense Desert low variable poor moderate sparse sparse Temperate Grassland moderate summer hot rich moderate absent dense Temperate woodland and Shrubland summer low, winter moderate summer hot poor low medium medium Temperate Forest moderate summer moderate, winter cold rich high dense sparse Northwestern high Coniferous Forest summer mild, winter cold rocky, acidic low dense sparse Boreal Forest moderate summer mild, winter cool poor, acidic moderate dense sparse Tundra low summer mild, winter cold poor low absent medium Desert Biome Biome Desert Precipitation Low (< 50 cm/yr) Temperature variable Soil poor Diversity moderate Trees sparse Grasses sparse Abiotic Factors- Nutrient Cycles What are some nutrients you know are important for living things? How do living things acquire those nutrients? We’ve looked at how energy flows through an ecosystem, but how does matter move through the same ecosystem? How does matter move through an ecosystem? Unlike the one way flow of energy, matter is recycled within & between ecosystems Nutrients are passed between organisms & the environment through biogeochemical cycles 1. WATER CYCLE 2. NUTRIENT CYCLES: a) b) Biogeochemical Cycles: Bio –life Geo – Earth Chemo – chemical c) CARBON CYCLE NITROGEN CYCLE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE Why are nutrients important ? Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. 95% of your body is made of… 1) OXYGEN 2) CARBON 3) HYDROGEN 4) NITROGEN THE WATER CYCLE Let’s draw the water cycle… Use the following terms: Precipitation Condensation Evaporation Transpiration (evaporation of water from leaves) Root uptake Runoff Agenda 9/25- Matter Cycles, Human Impact Bellwork- carbon cycle question New information: Review water and carbon cycle Nitrogen cycle Limiting nutrients and algal blooms Human Impact on the Environment Lab/Activity: Matter cycles and energy flow mini-posters Finish for HW if needed Bellwork 9/25 CARBON CYCLE 4 PROCESSES move carbon through the carbon cycle: CO2 1) Biological- Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, decomposition 2) Geochemical • Volcanic activity, erosion, uplift 3) Mixed biogeochemical • Deposition, fossil fuel production 4) Human Activity • Burning of fossil fuels CO2 The Carbon Cycle- Living Processes Photosynthesis: CO2 is taken in; carbon CO2 becomes part of glucose and other molecules Feeding: Carbon stored by plants is transferred through food webs as it is eaten Respiration: Energy in glucose is released, also releasing CO2 into the atmosphere CO2 Keeling Curve Carbon Cycle Reservoirs: places where carbon is stored CO2 in the atmosphere and oceans Glucose (C6H12O6) and other organic molecules Flow: movement between one reservoir to another Let’s draw the carbon cycle. Include the following terms: Photosynthesis Respiration Feeding Volcanic Activity CO2 - Deposition (buried underground) - Fossil Fuels - Burning of Fossil Fuels - Decomposition - The Carbon Cycle CO2 CO2 The Greenhouse Effect Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases trap heat energy and maintain Earth’s temperature range. This is referred to as The Greenhouse Effect. Without it, the Earth would be about 200 C colder. Greenhouse Effect Natural phenomenon Sunlight BUT… Some heat escapes into space Greenhouse gas emissions Humans, by burning fossil fuiles, are adding more greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (CO2, CH4, etc), amplifying the greenhouse effect. Greenhouse gases trap some heat Atmosphere Earth’s surface The Greenhouse Effect By burning fossil fuels, humans have released carbon that has been stored for millions of years in the earth. This has amplified the greenhouse effect, increasing average global temperatures. NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen-containing nutrients in the biosphere include: N2 in Atmosphere 1) Ammonia (NH3) 2) Nitrate (NO3-) 3) Nitrite (NO2-) ORGANISMS NEED NITROGEN TO MAKE AMINO ACIDS FOR BUILDING PROTEINS!!! NH3 N03- & N02- NITROGEN CYCLE Nitrogen fixation: N2 in Atmosphere - Certain bacterial species “fix” or trap nitrogen gas (N2) and convert it into a form plants can use (NH3) - Some live symbiotically with plants= legumes (peas, vetch, etc) NH3 N03- & N02- NITROGEN CYCLE Denitrification: N2 in Atmosphere • Some soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds back into N2 gas. NH3 N03- & N02- Availibility of nutrients If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organisms growth. It is called a limiting nutrient When a limiting nutrient (N, P) is dumped into a lake or pond, an algal bloom (eutrophication) can occur and can disrupt the ecosystem Algal blooms “Was big bird flying under the influence?” Algal Bloom Occurs when a limiting nutrient is added to an ecosystem, resulting in an immediate increase in the amount of algae or other producers P and N Can upset the health of an ecosystem More producers, more biomass for decomposers to break down, use up O2, fish die HABs- neurotoxins produced Matter Cycle Activity In this activity, you will determine how carbon, nitrogen, and water flow from one reservoir to another Create three drawings to demonstrate your understanding of the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. You can use your notes, textbooks, and the internet (personal devices) to help you. You will turn this in, so make it as neat and professional as you can. Bellwork 9/28 Agenda 9/28- Human Impact on the Environment Bellwork- none New Information: Human Impact on the Environment Review for test HW- STUDY!! Quizlet CP: tinyurl.com/olwh2oh Honors: tinyurl.com/odq4y32 Human Impact on Environment How do humans impact the environment? Try to list both positive and negative impacts, at least 8 total. Human Population Growth 7,000,000,000 Human Population 6,000,000,000 5,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 3,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 Time 1990 2000 Human Population Growth 7,000,000,000 Human Population 6,000,000,000 5,000,000,000 4,000,000,000 3,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 0 0 500 1000 1500 Time 2000 2500 Human Population Growth Industrial Revolution begins Agriculture begins Plowing and irrigation Bubonic plague Exponential Growth Abundant space Abundant food Protected from predators and disease Under ideal (“perfect”) conditions with unlimited resources, a population will grow exponentially. J-shaped curve Human Population Growth - Population Age Structure U.S. Population Rwandan Population Which population has greater growth potential? Does the Earth have a Carrying Capacity? Human population growth results in destruction and fragmentation of habitat (for houses, agriculture, wood for fuel, etc) Night Lights: Urbanization Carbon Emissions The amount of carbon dioxide polluting our atmosphere has risen 30 percent in the last 200 years. Plants and other producers take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, but human activities are now releasing more carbon dioxide than the world's producers can process. This map shows in magenta today's greatest polluters—the United States, Europe, China, and Japan. Global Warming Increased levels of CO2 (and other greenhouse gases) in the atmosphere are believed to trap additional heat, causing an increase in the earth’s average temperature. about 1 degree Celsius (1.3 degrees Fahrenheit) (REMEMBER- the greenhouse effect is NATURAL, but with extra CO2 and other greenhouse gases, it traps more heat). Global Warming, 2003 IPCC scientists believe that there is a greater than 90 percent chance that most of the warming we have experienced since the 1950s is due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. Computer models predict that the Earth’s average temperature could rise by 3.2 to 7.2ºF above 1990 levels by the end of this century. Biodiversity: Who cares? BIODIVERSITY IS THE VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH AND THE ESSENTIAL INTERDEPENDENCE OF ALL LIVING THINGS • Scientists have identified more than 2 million species. Millions remain unknown (est. 5-100 million more!) •The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by complex interactions among all living things. There are 3 components of biodiversity 1. Genetic Diversity Chihuahuas, beagles, and Rottweilers are all dogs— but they're not the same because their genes are different. Chihuahua Beagle Rottweilers There are 3 components of biodiversity Species Diversity For example, monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties are all different species. Saki Monkey Golden Skimmer Meadow Beauty There are 3 components of biodiversity Ecosystem Diversity Paines Prairie Florida Sand hill Pond Hoh Rain Forest What do we get from biodiversity? Oxygen Food Clean Water Medicine Aesthetics (It’s pretty) Ideas Natural Resources (ex. lumber) Threats to biodiversity Habitat destruction and fragmentation Pollution and Biological Magnification Non-native (invasive) species Global Climate Change Exploitation (over use) Habitat Fragmentation Breaking habitat into smaller parts, dividing populations and reducing available space Edge effects Biological Magnification Some pollutants do not break down in organisms and become more concentrated as they go up the food chain. Ex. DDT, mercury, and neurotoxins from some algal blooms The Current Mass Extinction: Humans are currently causing the greatest mass extinction of species since the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. The Current Mass Extinction If present trends continue one half to three quarters of all species of life on earth may be extinct (or on the verge of extinction) in less than 100 years as a result of habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. When species of plants and animals go extinct, many other species are affected (including humans!)- TROPHIC CASCADES Invasive Species They can do really well because their natural predators and/or diseases aren’t in the new location (“no” limits to growth) Outcompete local, native species Cane Toad Ex. Asian Longhorn beetle Recently seen in Massachusetts (2008) Eat and kill hardwood trees Report sightings 1-866-702-9938 Global Warming- the biggest threat to biodiversity! Increased levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap additional heat, causing an increase in the earth’s average temperature. about 1 degree Celsius (1.3 degrees Fahrenheit) Since species generally have adaptations that allow them to survive in their biome, which is in large part determined by climate, they may not be able to survive dramatic changes. Ecological Footprint- Just for fun… How much land and how many resources it takes to support a certain quality of life? http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GF N/page/calculators/ Review for Unit Test Review sheet Review after school today from 2-2:30 Know key concepts and vocabulary, review notes Multiple choice- 30, and 2 short answer