行為生態學
Behavioural Ecology
鄭先祐 (Ayo)
臺南大學 環境生態研究所 教授
Japalura@hotmail.com
Textbook
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Krebs, J. R. & N. B. Davies (1997)
Behavioural Ecology : An Evolutionary
Approach. 4th ed. Blackwell Science.
Caro, Tim (ed.) (1998) Behavioral Ecology
and Conservation Biology. Oxford University
Press, Inc.
Dugatkin, L. A. (ed.) (2001) Model systems in Behavioral
Ecology. Princeton University Press.
Hall, M. and T. Halliday (eds) (1998) Behaviour and
Evolution. The Open University.
尚玉昌 (2003) 行為生態學。五南圖書。
教材：Ayo 台南站 http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng/
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Preface
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The studies of mechanisms and how they control
and constrain the adaptive behaviour of individuals.
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(個體適應行為的機制、如何調控與有何限制？)
Molecular phylogenies 運用於行為和生活史演化研究。
Ask everyone to provide a review of the main ideas,
and empirical data to test them, and to focus on
current controversies and unsolved questions.
The need for a fifth edition in another 7 years’ time.
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1978→1984→1991→1997→？
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Contents
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Part I Introduction
Part 2 Mechanisms and individual behavior
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Part 3 From Individual behavior to social
systems
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機制與個體行為
從個體行為至社會體系
Part 4 Life histories, Phylogenies and
populations
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生活史，親緣和族群
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Contents
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Part I Introduction
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Chap.1 The evolution of Behavioural Ecology
Part 2 Mechanisms and individual behaviour
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Chap.2 Sensory systems (感覺系統)and Behaviour
Chap.3 The Ecology of Information use(資訊使用)
Chap. 4 Recognition systems (辨識系統)
Chap. 5 Managing time and energy (時間與能量)
Chap. 6 Sperm competition and mating systems (精
子競爭與交配體系)
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Part I Introduction
Part 2 Mechanisms and Individual behaviour
Part 3 From Individual behaviour to social
systems
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Chap. 7 The evolution of animal signals (動物訊息的
演化)
Chap. 8 Sexual selection (性擇) and mate choice
Chap. 9 Sociality (社會性) and Kin Selection in
insects
Chap. 10 Predicting family dynamics (家庭動態) in
social vertebrates
Chap. 11 The ecology of relationships (關係生態學)
Chap. 12 The Social gene (社會基因)
Part 4 Life histories, Phylogenies and
populations
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Part 1 Introduction
Part 2 Mechanisms and individual behaviour
Part 3. From individual behaviour to social
systems
Part 4. Life histories, phylogenies and
populations
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Chap. 13 Adaptation of Life histories (生活史的適應)
Chap. 14 The phylogenetic foundations (親緣基礎)of
Behavioural ecology
Chap. 15 Causes and consequences of population
structure (族群結構的因果)
Chap. 16 Individual behaviour, populations and
conservation (個體行為，族群與保育)
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Chap. 1 The Evolution (演變史) of
Behavioural Ecology
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1.1 Observations and questions (觀察與問題)
1.2 Tinbergen’s four questions (四個問題)
1.3 Ecology and behaviour
1.4 Economic models(經濟模型) of behaviour
1.5 Evolutionarily stable strategies (演化穩定策略)
1.6 Kinship, social evolution and breeding systems
1.7 Critical views (批評的觀點)
1.8 Looking ahead (未來方向)
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1.1 Observations and questions
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All natural observations begin with a question.
At first our curiosity may be satisfied simply
by knowing the species name.
Then we may want to discover what it is
doing and to understand why it is behaving in
a particular way.
For students of behavioural ecology, a whole
host of questions come to mind as they
observe.
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觀察 a starling bird
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Searching in the grass for food
The starling walks along, pausing every
now and then to probe into the ground.
Sometimes it succeeds in finding a prey
item, such as a beetle larva and
eventually, when it has collected several
prey, it flies back to the nest to feed its
hungry brood.
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A whole host of questions
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The first set of questions concern the way
the bird feeds.
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Why has it chosen that particular place(特定地區)
to forage?
Why is it alone rather than in a flock?
What determines its choice of foraging path?
Does it collect every item of food it encounters
or is it selective for prey type or size:
What influences its decision to stop collecting
food and fly back to feed its chicks:
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Another set of questions emerges when we
follow the starling back to the nest.
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Why has it chosen this site?
Why this brood size?
How do the two parent starlings come to an
agreement over how much work each puts into
offspring care?
Why are the chicks begging so noisily?
Are they each simply signaling their own degree of
hunger or are they competing for food?
What determines how much effort it puts into
reproduction versus it own maintenance, the
factors influencing the timing of its seasonal
activities, its choice of mate, and so on.
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Behavioural ecology provides a framework for
answering these kinds of questions.
It combines ideas from evolution, ecology and
behaviour and has emerged from five schools
of thought, developed primarily in the 1960s
and early 1970s.
1. Tinbergen’s four questions
2. Ecology and behaviour
3. Economic models of behaviour
4. Evolutionarily stable strategies
5. Kinship, social evolution and breeding
systems
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1.2 Tinbergen’s four questions
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Tinbergen(1963) showed that there are
four ways of answering the question
‘why?’ in biology.
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In
In
In
In
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terms
terms
terms
terms
of
of
of
of
function (功能)
causation (cue 因素)
development (發展)
evolutionary history (演化歷史)
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1.3 Ecology and behaviour
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To correlate difference between species in
behaviour with differences in ecological factors
(生態因素), such as habitat, food and predation
(棲息地、食物和掠食).
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Cullen(1957), a student of Tinbergen, interpreted the
reduced anti-predator behaviour of kittiwake gulls,
compared to the ground-nesting gulls, in relation to
their safer nest sites on steep cliffs.
Winn(1958), linked the reproductive behaviour of 14
species of darter fish to their ecology.
Wilson (1959), related the colony size and structure of
dacetine ants to their feeding habits.
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Crook’s (1964) study of weaver birds.
How differences between species in food and
predator pressure affect a whole host of
adaptations, including nesting dispersion (colonies
vs. territories), feeding behaviour (solitary vs. flock)
and mating systems (monogamy vs. polygamy).
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Crook & Gartlan (1966), primates
Crook (1965), Lack (1968), other bird species
Jarman (1974), ungulates
Krunk (1975), carnivores
Fricke (1975), coral reef fish
Multivariate statistics (多變項分析) and phylogenies
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1.4 Economic models of
behaviour
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The pioneer in the use of mathematical models in
ecology to quantify trade-offs was Robert MacArthur,
who first applied the idea of optimal choice I the
context of foraging behaviour (e.g. MacArthur &
Pianka, 1966; MacArthur, 1972).
Classic early studies include work by Schoener (1971)
and Charnov (1976) on prey choice and patch choice
by foragers and Parker’s(1970) study of copulation
time in the yellow dungfly.
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1.5 Evolutionarily stable
strategies
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Fisher’s (1930) explanation for why parents expend
equal rexource on male and female progeny.
Hamilton’s (1967) analysis of stable sex ratios under
local mate competition.
Parker’s (1970) field study of how male dungflies
distribute themselves across different mating sites.
Fretwell and Lucas (1970), on habitat choice by birds.
Maynard Smith’s (1972, 1982) concept of ESS, is now
widely accepted as the way of analyzing decision
making.
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1.6 Kinship, social evolution and
breeding systems
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Wynne-Edwards(1962) proposed that social
behaviour was an adaptation for regulating animal
populations.
Many ethologists also used group selection to
explain behaviour.
 Individual benefit vs. group benefit
Multiple mating (sperm competition)
DNA fingerprinting
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1.7 critical views
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1.7.1 Determinism
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1.7.2 Panglossianism
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Genetic determinism
Gould and Lewontin (1979), The Panglossian
paradigm, referring to Dr. Pangloss, who took the
view that everything was always for the best.
1.7.3 Anthropomorphism
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Honest signaling
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1.8 Looking ahead
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Never prophesy(預言) , especially about the
future.
However, the changes signaled by the new
emphases in the Behavioural Ecology coincide
with a change in the nature of the subject.
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A new form of integrated study
With powerful techniques, from gene splicing to
magnetic resonance imaging
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問題與討論
http://mail.nutn.edu.tw/~hycheng
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