A TOUR OF THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• MICROSCOPES PROVIDE WINDOWS TO THE
WORLD OF THE CELL
– THERE ARE MANY DIFFERENT TYPES OF
MICROSCOPES
• COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
A TOUR OF THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• COMPOUND LIGHT MICROSCOPE
• PHASE CONTRAST MICROSCOPE
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
– SCANNING VS. TRANSMISSION
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• RESOLUTION VS MAGNIFICATION
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• FIELD OF VIEW
– MICRONS (MICROMETERS)
– LOW POWER F.O.V. VS HIGH POWER F.O.V
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CELL SIZE VARIES WITH FUNCTION
– CHICKEN EGG VS HUMAN EGG
– WHAT’S THE LONGEST CELL
AROUND?
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• NATURAL LAWS LIMIT CELL SIZE
– WHAT’S THE MINIMUM SIZE FOR A CELL?
– WHAT’S THE MAXIMUM SIZE FOR A CELL?
• THE SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO DILEMMA
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS
– DEFINITION??
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• PROKARYOTIC CELL ORGANELLES
– NUCLEOID
– RIBOSOMES
– PLASMA MEMBRANE
– CELL WALL
– CAPSULE
– PILI
– FLAGELLUM
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS
– DEFINITION??
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• WHAT IS THE ADVANTAGE TO HAVING
MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES?
• CYTOPLASM?
• ORGANELLES?
• MOST ORGANELLES OVERLAP/EXIST IN BOTH
PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS
– EXCEPTIONS??
• CHLOROPLASTS, CELL WALLS, LYSOSOMES, CENTRIOLES
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• HOW ARE WE GOING TO SORT THROUGH ALL
OF THESE ORGANELLES?
– ONE AT A TIME!!!
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE NUCLEUS
– THE GENETIC CONTROL CENTER OF THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE NUCLEUS
– THE GENETIC CONTROL CENTER
•
•
•
•
•
DNA??
CHROMATIN??
CHROMOSOMES??
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE??
NUCLEOLUS??
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
– NETWORK OF ORGANELLES THAT WORK
TOGETHER IN THE SYNTHESIS, STORAGE, AND
EXPORT OF IMPORTANT MOLECULES
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
– ROUGH E.R.
– NETWORK OF INTERCONNECTED FLATTENED
SACS, COVERED WITH RIBOSOMES, WITH TWO
MAIN FUNCTIONS
• MAKE MORE MEMBRANE
• MAKE PROTEINS TO BE SECRETED BY THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• ROUGH E.R.
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
– SMOOTH E.R.
– CONTINUOUS WITH ROUGH E.R. BUT LACKS RIBOSOMES
– FUNCTIONS
• SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS
• STORAGE OF CALCIUM IONS (NEEDED FOR MUSCLE
CONTRACTION)
• SMOOTH E.R. IN THE LIVER
– CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF SUGAR
– BREAKDOWN/DETOXIFIES DRUGS AND OTHER HARMFUL SUBSTANCES
» YOU CAN GROW MORE SMOOTH E.R.??
» THIS EXPLAINS DEVELOPMENT OF TOLERANCE!!!
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• GOLGI APPARATUS (COMPLEX/BODY)
– SERIES OF FLATTENED SACS
– NOT INTERCONNECTED
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• GOLGI APPARATUS
– ACTS AS “SHIPPING WAREHOUSE”
– CHEMICALLY MODIFIES PROTEINS PRODUCED BY
E.R., THEN SENDS THEM TO THEIR SPECIFIC
DESTINATIONS
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• LYSOSOMES
– “BREAKDOWN BODY”, CONTAINS HYDROLYTIC
ENZYMES
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• LYSOSOMES
– DIGEST TINY FOOD PARTICLES, BACTERIA, BUSTED
ORGANELLES (HELPS RECYCLE PARTS)
– ENZYMES MUST BE KEPT INSIDE MEMBRANE, OR
ELSE!!!!
Harrison Ford and Brendan Fraser star in "Extraordinary Measures."
A TOUR OF THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• ENZYMES MUST BE KEPT INSIDE MEMBRANE,
OR ELSE!!!!
– ABNORMAL LYSOSOMES CAN CAUSE
• LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASES
• POMPE’S DISEASE
• TAY-SACH’S DISEASE
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• VACUOLES
– MEMBRANOUS SACS THAT HAVE VARIOUS
FUNCTIONS (SHAPES AND SIZES)
• CENTRAL VACUOLE
• FOOD VACUOLE
• CONTRACTILE VACUOLE
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CHLOROPLASTS
– PHOTOSYNTHESIZING ORGANELLES THAT
CONVERT LIGHT ENERGY TO CHEMCIAL ENERGY
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• MITOCHONDRIA
– CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY (SUGAR) INTO
USEABLE ENERGY (ATP)
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CYTOSKELETON
– A SUPPORTIVE STRUCTURE OF FINE FIBERS
• THREE MAJOR TYPES OF FIBERS
– MICROFILAMENTS
– MICROTUBULES
– INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS
A TOUR OF THE CELL
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CILIA AND FLAGELLA
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CILIA AND FLAGELLA
– BASAL BODIES
– DYNEIN ARMS
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• CELL JUNCTIONS
– DEFINITION??
– 3 MAJOR TYPES IN ANIMAL CELLS
• ANCHORING
• TIGHT
• GAP (COMMUNICATING)
– 1 TYPE IN PLANT CELLS
• PLASMODESMATA
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• PLASMODESMATA
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
– STICKY LAYER OF GLYCOPROTEINS IN WHICH CELLS
ARE EMBEDDED
A TOUR OF THE CELL
FOUR MAJOR FUNCTIONAL CATEGORIES FOR EUKARYTOIC CELLS
MANUFACTURE
ENERGY PROCESSING
BREAKDOWN
PEROXISOMES
SUPPORT/MOVEMENT/
COMMUNICATION
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE CELL MEMBRANE!!!
A TOUR OF THE CELL
• THE CELL MEMBRANE ONLY STARTS A NEW
CHAPTER IN OUR LEARNING!!!