1
1
2
Periods
3
4
5
6
7
Periodic Table of
the Elements
Groups
2
13 14 15 16 17
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Groups
Periods
Actinides
Lanthanides
18
Oxidation States (Charges)
0
+1
+3 ±4 -3 -2 -1
+2
Not Predictable
Notes:
The Oxidation State tells
us what an atom will do in
order to fill its valence
electron level.
Ex. +1 means that an atom
will LOSE 1 electron in
order to be Happy. -3
means that an element will
GAIN 3 electrons to be
happy.
Reactions Between Groups:
When elements react they
like to balance out (+1 will
react with -1 etc..). 0 charge
means that elements in
Group 18 DO NOT LIKE TO
REACT!!!!!
1
2
Group Names of
Periodic Table
18
17
Noble Gases
Halogens/Halides
Alkali Metals
Alkaline Earth Metals
Types of Elements
Metals:
Elements that are shiny
and conduct heat
and electricity well,
The Stairstep:
Represents the
dividing line between
Metals and Nonmetals.
Metalloids:
Elements that have
properties similar
to metals and
nonmetals
Nonmetals:
Elements that are dull,
brittle, or Gases. Do
not conduct heat or
electricity well.
The Stairstep:
Represents the
dividing line between
Metals and Nonmetals.
Similar Chemical
Characteristics
Notes:
Whenever they ask,
“which element has
similar characteristics,”
you will look for the
element that is in the
SAME GROUP!
Periodic Table Box Info.
Atomic Number
Symbol
Atomic Mass
14
Si
Atomic number is also
PROTON number.
TAKS will also use it as
ELECTRON number
Each Element has its
own unique symbol. A
capital letter always
starts a new element.
28.086
Silicon
Name
Law of Conservation of Mass
Rule #1: Balancing Equations
All elements must have the same
number in the reactants and
products.
Rule #2: Mass of Products MUST Equal Mass of Reactants
When the mass of the reactants is
added up, it must be equal to the
mass of the products added up.
Example
2Na
2Cl
Rule #1
2Na + 1Cl2  2NaCl
Reactants
28g
+
30g
Rule #2
=
2Na
2Cl
Products
58g
28g Na react with 30g Cl2 to produce
58 NaCl.
____g
Balancing Equations
Method One: Balance and find the answer
3
2
1
6
Reactants
X
X
O
X
Ca
K
(PO4)
(C2H3O2)
Products
3x 1
3
2x 6
3
3
6x6
1
2x 2
1
2
6
3x 2
6x6
1
Balancing Equations
Method Two: Eliminate
Reactants
C
O
1
2
2
1
12
2
1
1
2
22
14
2
2
4
3
Products
X
X
Density
ass
D=
olume
Density of Three Liquids
50g
50ml
150g
100ml
30g
25ml
1.0
Density= ____g/ml
1.5
Density= ____g/ml
1.2
Density= ____g/ml
If we pour these three liquids together, where will they be?
Top:
Least Dense
Most Dense
Middle:
Bottom:
Viscosity
High Viscosity
Low Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s ability to
flow. Do not confuse it with Density.
Physical vs. Chemical Change
Physical Change – A change that does not result in a new chemical.
Chemical Change – A change that does result in a new chemical.
What type of change is this?
Chemical
Physical
Answers to worksheet
1. Physical
2. Chemical
3. Physical
4. Physical
5. Chemical
6. Physical
7. Chemical
8. Chemical
9. Physical
10.Physical
11. Physical
12. Chemical
13. Chemical
14. Physical
15. Chemical
16. Physical
17. Physical
18. Physical
19. Physical
20. Physical
21. Chemical
22. Chemical
23. Physical
Physical
Freezes
shattered
mix
boil
melting
dissolving
evaporating
heating
erosion
thermal
expansion
Chemical
baked
ignited
corroding
ripen
rusting
decomposition
tarnishing
Acid rain
Chemical
reaction
El Oso Polar Muerto
The Molecular arrangement of a water molecule
Hydrogen
H
H
Positive charge near
Hydrogens
Oxygen
O
Negative charge near
Oxygen
Water is special…
1.00
1. The density of water is __________g/ml
decreases
2. When water freezes, its density __________________.
This allows aquatic life
Survive
to __________________
in a frozen lake.
Molecular Arrangement
3. Water is unique because of its ________________________________
Polar
4. Water can dissolve many substances because it is ________________________
slowly
5. Water has a very high specific heat. Water will heat up ___________
and cool
slowly
down ____________
compared to other substances.
Solubility
Solubility is the ability of a substance to
dissolve. Three factors affect solubility.
1. Surface area- The more surface area a solute has
the faster it will dissolve. Sugar cube dissolves
slowly while powdered sugar will dissolve quickly.
2. Agitation- Solids: The more you agitate (stir or
shake) a solution, the quicker the solute will
dissolve. Gases: More shake, less dissolve.
3. Temperature- Solids: The higher the temperature
of solvent, the more the solute will dissolve.
Gases: More temperature, less dissolve.
Acids and Bases
The pH Scale
Turns Litmus RED
A
Turns Litmus BLUE
cid
Neutral
B
ase
7
1
GETS STRONGER
14
GETS STRONGER
When an Acid Reacts with a Base, they
NEUTRALIZE each other.
Ionic Compound Formation
+1
Na
Na2O1
-2
O
1 is understood
so drop it.
Ionic Compound Formation
+3
Al
SO4
-2
Al 2(SO
SO4) 3
Since we need 3 SO4’s we add
parentheses around SO4 and put the 3
outside.