WATER AND MAJOR
MINERALS
CHAPTER 14
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• What influences water balance and how does
the body maintain water balance?
• How does both dehydration and water
intoxication develop? Who gets it?
• For water and all major minerals discussed in
class know the food sources, major functions,
and the problems with low and high intakes of
major minerals and how to avoid inadequate or
excessive intakes.
• Know the major causes, risk factors, and
treatment options for hypertension and
osteoporosis
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WATER
• Intracellular Fluid
• 2/3 of the body’s
water
• Extracellular Fluid
• Interstitial and
Intravascular
• Water content
varies by age and
body composition
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WATER
• Body fluid also contains
• Solutes
• Electrolytes: Cations and Anions
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WATER BALANCE: SODIUM
POTASSIUM PUMP
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WATER BALANCE: SODIUM POTASSIUM
PUMP
• Three sodium ions
from inside the cell
first bind to the
transport protein.
• Then a phosphate
group is transferred
from ATP to the
transport protein
causing it to change
shape and release
the sodium ions
outside the cell.
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WATER BALANCE: SODIUM
POTASSIUM PUMP
Then a phosphate group is
transferred from ATP to the
transport protein causing it
to change shape and
release the sodium ions
outside the cell.
Two potassium ions from
outside the cell then bind
to the transport protein.
As the phosphate is
removed, the protein
assumes its original shape
and releases the potassium
ions inside the cell.
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FUNCTIONS OF WATER
• Functions of Water
• Maintenance of blood volume and
transport of nutrients and oxygen
• Saliva, bile, amniotic fluid
• Lubrication
• Temperature Regulation
• Specific Heat
• Waste Product Removal
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WATER
• Water is from drinks, food, and
metabolism
• Beverage choices can add extra kcal
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WATER CONTENT OF SELECT FOODS
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WATER
• Needs
• Vary with body size, physical activity,
environmental conditions and dietary
intake
• AI 15 cups daily adult male, 11 cups daily
adult female
• Based on 80% fluid intake, 20% food intake
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WATER
• Deficiency
• Dehydration: fluid output exceeds fluid
intake
• Diarrhea, vomit, fever, exercise, hot/dry
weather, high altitude
• ~2.5- 3 cups water recommended per
pound of weight loss during exercise
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BODY’S RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION
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BODY’S RESPONSE TO DEHYDRATION
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WATER TOXICITY
• Toxicity
• Hyponatremia
• Electrolytes in blood are too concentrated
• Side effects: headache, blurred vision,
cramps, convulsions, death
• Who?
• Infants, endurance athletes
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CASE STUDY
Your 4 year old cousin doesn’t like to drink water or
milk. He is also considered overweight. What would
be a good strategy to ensure he gets enough fluid?
•
•
•
•
Soda
Milk shakes
Fruit
Fruit punch
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OVERVIEW OF MINERALS
• Major versus Trace Minerals
• Absorption
• Physiological need
• Bioavailability
•
•
•
•
•
Competition with other minerals
Competition with non minerals
Oxalate
Polyphenols
Enhancement
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MINERALS IN OUR BODY
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OVERVIEW OF MINERALS
• Function
• Water balance (sodium, potassium, calcium, and
phosphorus)
• Transmit nerve impulses (sodium, potassium,
calcium)
• Enzyme cofactors
• Component of body compounds
• Body growth
• Deficiency
• Calcium, potassium, magnesium iron, zinc, and
iodine
• UL
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SODIUM
• Foods
• Sodium chloride (40% sodium and 60%
chloride)
• 75-80% of our salt intake is from processed
foods
• Needs
• AI for under age 51 is 1500 mg, for 51-70 it
is 1300 mg, for 70+ it is 1200 mg
• UL is 2300 mg
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SODIUM CONTENT OF SELECTED
FOODS
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SODIUM
• Absorption via active transport in small and
large intestine (sodium potassium pump)
• Excretion by the kidneys
• Function:
• Help absorb glucose and some amino acids in
small intestine
• Normal muscle and nerve function
• Aids in water balance
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SODIUM
• Deficiency
• Rare
• UL
• 2300 mg
• Hypertension, heart disease, and stroke
• Increased calcium loss in urine
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HYPERTENSION
• Causes
• Risk factors
• Minerals and phytochemicals
• Drug therapy
• DASH diet
• Lifestyle modifications for prevention and
treatment
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BLOOD PRESSURE
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TO LOWER BLOOD PRESSURE
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DASH DIET
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WHO IS MOST LIKELY TO GO OVER THE
UL FOR SODIUM?
• There is no UL for sodium
• A person who loves fruit
• A person who loves cheese
• A person who loves diet soda
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POTASSIUM
• Foods (beans, potato, dairy, fruits, vegetables)
• Needs
• AI is 4700 mg
• Average intake below this
• Function: intercellular cation so same functions as
sodium except that it decreases calcium excretion
• Deficiency
• Hypokalemia (low blood potassium) can lead to irregular
heartbeat (usually from urinary losses)
• Increased risk of hypertension
• UL
• Hyperkalemia (high blood potassium) with poor kidney
function
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POTASSIUM CONTENT OF SELECT
FOODS
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CHLORIDE
• Foods- sodium chloride
• Needs
• AI 2300 mg (based on 40:60 ratio)
• Function
• Anion (-) maintains fluid balance
• Transmit nerve impulses, part of HCl
• Deficiency rare
• UL is 3.6 grams/day
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CALCIUM
• Foods
• Dairy, fortified foods, green leafy
vegetables
• Needs
• AI 1,000 mg to 1,200 mg
• U.S. intake 670 mg to 1,100 mg
• UL
• 2500 mg day (stones and calcification of organs)
• Who?
• Hyperparathyroidism and supplemental
calcium
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CALCIUM ABSORPTION
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CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTS
• Calcium carbonate and calcium
citrate
• Who should take which?
• When should you take it?
• How much should you take?
• Interactions
• Zinc, iron, and magnesium
• Contamination
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CALCIUM
• Absorption
• Slightly more efficient in upper SI (more acidic)
• Things that influence absorption:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Food source
Vitamin D needed
Efficiency increases during times of need
Full stomach
Age
Fiber, oxalate, phosphorus, polyphenols (tea)
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BLOOD CALCIUM LEVELS ARE KEPT
UNDER TIGHT CONTROL
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WHICH OF THESE INCREASES
CALCIUM ABSORPTION?
• Taking calcium supplements with a glass of
milk
• Taking calcium supplements with salty foods
• Taking calcium supplements on an empty
stomach
• Spreading out your calcium intake
throughout the day
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CALCIUM FUNCTIONS: BONE HEALTH
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CALCIUM FUNCTION: NERVE
TRANSMISSION
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OSTEOPOROSIS
•Bone Loss
– Normal/low bone mass-osteopenia
– Very low bone mass-osteoporosis
•Diagnosis
– DEXA bone scan
•Prevention and Treatment
– Bone building nutrients
– Active lifestyle
– Drug therapy
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PHOSPHORUS
• Foods
• Milk, cheese, meat, bakery products and
cereals
• Needs
• RDA 700 mg/day
• Average intake 950 mg to 1650 mg/day
• Absorption: active transport and
diffusion
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PHOSPHORUS
• Function
• Major component of bone and teeth
• Critical to the function of every body cell (intercellular
anion, part of ATP and DNA, part of cell membranes,
part of many cellular message systems)
• Deficiency
• Rare but a chronic deficiency=bone loss, decreased
growth and poor tooth development
• Preterm infants, alcoholics, diarrhea, over use of
aluminum containing antacids
• UL
• 3-4 grams/day to avoid high blood concentrations
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MAGNESIUM
• Foods
• Fruits and vegetables, nuts, coffee, milk and
meats
• Needs
• RDA 310-400 mg/day
• RDA increases by 10-20 mg/day over age 30
• U.S. average 80% RDA
• Absorption: active transport and diffusion,
depends on intake, regulated by kidney
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MAGNESIUM
• Functions
• Vital role in range of biochemical and
physiological processes
•
•
•
•
•
•
Helps ATP binding
Pumps sodium out of cells and potassium in
DNA and RNA synthesis
Muscle contraction
Insulin
Blood pressure
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MAGNESIUM
• Deficiency
• Who?: Excessive losses via urine or GI disorders
• Irregular heartbeat, weakness, muscle spasms
• Increased risk of osteoporosis
• UL
• 350 mg/day
• Supplements and nonfood items (antacids and
laxatives)
• Kidney failure (elderly)
• Weakness, nausea, coma, death
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SULFUR
• Needs
• No AI or UL set
• Found in sulfur containing amino acids
• Function
• Synthesis of sulfur containing compounds
• Stabilize the structure of protein
• Participates in acid-base balance
• No deficiency or toxicity
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