What were the long-term
consequences of
the Berlin Airlift
and the Marshall Plan?
QUIZ
1. SPELL A______
2. Who was the leader of the
Chinese Nationalists?
3. What does HUAC stand for?
4. What does NATO stand for?
5. Who did President Truman
fire for insubordination?
Map: Divided Europe
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
• 1948: Alliance b/w UK, France,
Belgium, Netherlands, and
Luxembourg
• 1949: NATO treaty signed, US
joins
• 1952: Greece & Turkey
• 1955: West Germany
SIGNIFICANCE:
US NOW PLEDGED TO AN
“ENTANGLING” ALLINCE
BATTLE FOR CHINA
Jiang Jieshi (AKA Chiang Kai Check) vs. Mao Tse Tung
Why did Mao and the Communist prevail?
What were the consequences for the US internationally?
What were the consequences for the US domestically?
Red Scare, McCarthysism, & HUAC
(House Un-American Activities Committee)
• Americans fear the global spread of communism
• 1947 Truman launches “loyalty” program
• 1948 Richard Nixon uses HUAC to “expose” Alger Hiss
as a communist agent
• 1950 Senator McCarthy charges Dept. of State of being
“infiltrated” with communists
• 1950 Truman vetoes McCarran Internal Security Bill
• 1951 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg executed for espionage
• 1951 Denis v. US, Supreme Court upholds sending 11
communists to prison for sedition
Communist hysteria in the media: Red Menace poster
Communist hysteria in the media: Red Menace poster
Although Hollywood generally avoided overtly political films, it released a few dozen
explicitly anticommunist films in the postwar era. Depicting American communists as vicious
hypocrites, if not hardened criminals, Hollywood's Cold War movies, like its blacklist, were an
effort to protect its imperiled public image after HUAC's widely publicized investigation of the
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
movie industry. (The Michael Barson Collection/Past Perfect)
Girl in front of dome atomic bomb shelter
SOVIETS TEST
THEIR FIRST
H-BOMB IN 1953
Girl in front of dome atomic bomb shelter
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
As the Cold War intensified and the Soviets became a nuclear power, the government
began to consider methods to survive a nuclear war. One "solution" was to encourage
people to build backyard bomb shelters. Pictured here is one family's atomic bomb
shelter that slept six. The cost was $1,250 in 1951. (Corbis-Bettmann)
Election of 1948
TRUMAN V. DEWEY (v. WALLACE???)
Dewey runs for Republicans.
CAMPAIGN: against “High Tax Harry” &
“Our Future Lies Before Us”
Truman’s nomination splits Democrats.
CAMPAIGN: Civil Rights, Labor benefits, health insurance
Wallace runs for South and progressive/peace camp.
CAMPAIGN: against “dollar imperialism”
RESULT: Surprise win for Truman.
Democrats also win back control of Congress.
Map: Presidential Election, 1948
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Truman with "Dewey Defeats Truman" headlines, 1948
Truman with "Dewey Defeats Truman" headlines, 1948
So few pollsters predicted that President Harry S. Truman (1884–1972) would win
the 1948 presidential election that the Chicago Tribune announced his defeat before
all the returns were in. Here a victorious Truman pokes fun at the newspaper for its
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
premature headline. (Corbis-Bettmann)
COLD WAR HEATS UP…
KOREA 1950
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
USSR backs Northern Communists
US backs Southern Democrats
Election results in N and S differ (surprise!!!)
June 25, 1950 N invades S, crosses 38th parallel
First big test of Truman’s “containment doctrine”
NSC-68: US increases defense $ by factor of 4
UN declares Korea a “police action” and Security
Council condemns invasion
• UN and US send troops to support South
Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was
one of ebb and flow,
advances and
retreats--the
movement of troops
up and down the
rugged Korean
peninsula. Here,
American troops
advance while
Korean women and
children march in the
opposite direction
hoping to avoid the
destruction of war.
Over 33,000
Americans lost their
lives in Korea during
the conflict.
(CorbisCopyright © Houghton
Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
http://www.historic-battles.com/Articles/Korean%20History.htm
KOREA  MEGALOMANIA?
MacArthur, Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il
http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/douglasmacarthurfarewelladdress.htm
Soldiers of 11th Airborne Division watch atomic bomb explosion, 1951 tests in Nevada
Soldiers of 11th Airborne Division watch atomic bomb explosion, 1951 tests
in Nevada
Soldiers of the 11th Airborne Division watch as an atomic explosion mushrooms
into the sky during 1951 testing maneuvers in Nevada. ((c) Bettmann/Corbis)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
MacDonald, Weizmann, and Ben-Gurion
MacDonald, Weizmann, and Ben-Gurion
America's first ambassador to Israel, James G. MacDonald (1886-1964) (left) meets in 1948
with Israel's President Chaim Weizmann (1874-1952) (right). The historian Michelle Mart has
written that "Jews in the postwar world first symbolized a complete lack of masculinity for
their role as victims and then masculine resurgence in their survival and construction of a new
state"--a change in the image that conditioned American leaders to respect the new Israeli
leaders. (National Archives)
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New West: Wing production on the Boeing B-52 assembly line, Seattle, 1950s
New West: Wing production on the Boeing B-52 assembly line, Seattle, 1950s
Symbolic of the defense spending and investment that helped the West's economy
flourish, Seattle's Boeing plant in 1951 began production of the first of the B-52
Stratofortress heavy bombers. They would continue rolling off the Boeing assembly
line until the end of the decade. (Courtesy Boeing Defense & Space Group)
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Map: End of the Cold War
End of the Cold War
When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985, he initiated reforms that ultimately undermined the
communist regimes in eastern Europe and East Germany and led to the breakup of the Soviet Union itself, ensuring an end to
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
the Cold War.