FROM CONCEPTION TO
BIRTH
•PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE
•PERIOD OF THE EMBRYO
•PERIOD OF THE FETUS
PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE
•BEGINS WHEN EGG IS FERTILIZED IN THE
FALLOPIAN TUBE.
•PERIOD OF RAPID CELL DIVISION
•ENDS 2 WEEKS LATER WHEN THE ZYGOTE IS
IMPLANTED IN THE WALL OF THE UTERUS
PERIOD OF THE ZYGOTE
PERIOD OF THE
EMBRYO
•FROM 3 TO 8 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION
•BODY PARTS ARE FORMED DURING THIS
PERIOD
•EMBRYO RESTS IN THE AMNION FILLED
WITH AMNIOTIC FLUID
•UMBILICAL CORD JOINS EMBRYO TO
PLACENTA
PRENATAL
STRUCTURES
PERIOD OF THE FETUS
•FROM 9 WEEKS AFTER CONCEPTION TO
BIRTH
•INCREASE IN SIZE AND SYSTEMS BEGIN TO
FUNCTION
•AGE OF VIABILITY: 22 TO 28 WEEKS
Conception
Ordinarily, a woman produces one ovum (egg cell) per month from one
of her two ovaries. The ovum is released from an ovary roughly midway
between two menstrual periods. If it is not fertilized, the ovum travels
from the ovary down the fallopian tube toward the uterus, where it
gradually disintegrates and is expelled as part of the next menstrual
flow. If a couple has intercourse during the crucial few days when the
ovum is in the fallopian tube, one of the millions of sperm ejaculated as
part of each male orgasm may travel the full distance through the
woman’s vagina, cervix, and uterus into the fallopian tube and penetrate
the ovum. A child is conceived.
Nine Months in the Womb
&
Real Footage of Developing Embryo
and Fetus
FIRST MONTH
•BY THE END OF
THE FIRST
MONTH, THE
EMBRYO IS ABOUT
1/10 OF AN INCH
LONG. THE HEART,
WHICH IS NO
LARGER THAN A
POPPY SEED, HAS
BEGUN BEATING.
FIRST MONTH
TWO MONTHS •THE EMBRYO IS
ABOUT 1 INCH
LONG AND HAS
DISTINCT,
SLIGHTLY
WEBBED FINGERS.
VEINS ARE
CLEARLY VISIBLE.
THE HEART HAS
DIVIDED INTO
RIGHT AND LEFT
CHAMBERS.
TWO MONTHS
THREE MONTHS
• BY NOW THE
FETUS IS 2 1/2 TO 3
INCHES LONG
AND IS FULLY
FORMED. SHE HAS
BEGUN
SWALLOWING
AND KICKING. ALL
ORGANS AND
MUSCLES HAVE
FORMED AND ARE
BEGINNING TO
FUNCTION.
FOUR MONTHS
• YOUR BABY IS
COVERED WITH A
LAYER OF THICK,
DOWNY HAIR
CALLED LANUGO.
HIS HEARTBEAT
CAN BE HEARD
CLEARLY. THIS IS
WHEN YOU MAY
FEEL YOUR BABY'S
FIRST KICK.
PREMATURE BABY
BORN WITH LANUGO
STILL PRESENT
FOUR MONTHS
FIVE MONTHS
• A PROTECTIVE
COATING CALLED
VERNIX CASEOSA
BEGINS TO FORM
ON BABY'S SKIN.
BY THE END OF
THIS MONTH,
YOUR BABY WILL
BE NEARLY EIGHT
INCHES LONG AND
WEIGH ALMOST A
POUND.
SIX MONTHS • EYEBROWS AND
EYELIDS ARE
VISIBLE. YOUR
BABY'S LUNGS ARE
FILLED WITH
AMNIOTIC FLUID,
AND SHE HAS
STARTED
BREATHING
MOTIONS. IF YOU
TALK OR SING, SHE
CAN HEAR YOU.
6 MONTHS
SEVEN MONTHS
• BY THE END OF THE
SEVENTH MONTH,
YOUR BABY WEIGHS
ABOUT 3 1/2 POUNDS
AND IS ABOUT 12
INCHES LONG. HIS
BODY IS WELLFORMED.
FINGERNAILS COVER
HIS FINGERTIPS
EIGHT MONTHS
•YOUR BABY IS
GAINING ABOUT
HALF A POUND PER
WEEK, AND LAYERS
OF FAT ARE PILING
ON. HE HAS
PROBABLY TURNED
HEAD-DOWN IN
PREPARATION FOR
BIRTH. HE WEIGHS
BETWEEN 4 AND 6
POUNDS.
NINE MONTHS
• YOUR BABY IS A
HEFTY 6 TO 9
POUNDS AND
MEASURES
BETWEEN 19 AND
22 INCHES. AS
HE/She BECOMES
MORE
CROWDED, YOU
MAY FEEL HIM
MOVE AROUND
LESS.
Assignment - My Birth Story
Reviewing the Stages of Fetal
Development
Claymation
Activity
INFLUENCES ON
PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
• GENERAL RISK FACTORS
• TERATOGENS: DISEASES, DRUGS, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• HOW TERATOGENS INFLUENCE
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
• PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
GENERAL RISK FACTORS
•NUTRITION: ADEQUATE AMOUNT OF FOOD,
PROTEIN, VITAMINS, & MINERALS
•STRESS: DECREASES OXYGEN TO FETUS AND
WEAKENS MOTHER’S IMMUNE SYSTEM
•MOTHER’S AGE: NEITHER TOO YOUNG, NOR TOO
OLD
TERATOGENS: DISEASES, DRUGS, AND
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS
• MANY DISEASES PASS THROUGH
THE PLACENTA DIRECTLY AND
ATTACK THE FETUS
• POTENTIALLY DANGEROUS
DRUGS NOT LIMITED TO HARD
DRUGS LIKE COCAINE, CAN
INCLUDE DRUGS LIKE ALCOHOL
AND CAFFEINE TOO.
• ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS ARE
TREACHEROUS BECAUSE WE’RE
OFTEN UNAWARE OF THEIR
PRESENCE
HOW TERATOGENS INFLUENCE
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
•NOT UNIVERSALLY HARMFUL
•HARM PARTICULAR STRUCTURES AT A
PARTICULAR POINT IN DEVELOPMENT IN
PARTICULAR ANIMALS
EFFECTS OF TERATOGENS
Link to Fertility and Pregnancy
HOW TERATOGENS
INFLUENCE PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
• THE EFFECT OF THE TERATOGEN DEPENDS ON THE
GENOTYPE OF THE ORGANISM
• THE IMPACT OF TERATOGENS CHANGE OVER THE
COURSE OF THE PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
• EACH TERATOGEN AFFECTS A SPECIFIC ASPECT OF
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
• THE IMPACT OF TERATOGENS DEPENDS ON THE
DOSAGE
• DAMAGE FROM TERATOGENS IS NOT ALWAYS
EVIDENT AT BIRTH
PRENATAL
DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT
•DIAGNOSIS: ULTRASOUND,
AMNIOCENTESIS, AND CHORIONIC
VILLUS SAMPLING CAN DETECT
PHYSICAL DEFORMITIES AND GENETIC
DISORDERS
•TREATMENT: FETAL MEDICINE AND
GENETIC ENGINEERING ARE
EXPERIMENTAL
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus Sampling
THE
THALIDOMIDE
TRAGEDY
• THE SHADOW OF THE THALIDOMIDE
TRAGEDY
LABOR AND DELIVERY
• STAGE 1: STARTS WHEN THE MUSCLES OF THE UTERUS
CONTRACT AND ENDS WHEN THE CERVIX IS FULLY
ENLARGED (ABOUT 10 CM)
• STAGE 2: BABY IS PUSHED DOWN THE BIRTH CANAL
• STAGE 3: PLACENTA IS EXPELLED
THREE STAGES OF
LABOR
APPROACHES TO CHILDBIRTH
• CHILDBIRTH CLASSES PROVIDE INFORMATION
ABOUT PREGNANCY AND CHILDBIRTH
• CHILDBIRTH CLASSES TEACH PAIN CONTROL
THROUGH DEEP BREATHING, IMAGERY, AND
SUPPORTIVE COACHING
• MOTHERS WHO ATTEND CLASSES USE LESS
MEDICATION DURING LABOR AND FEEL MORE
POSITIVE ABOUT LABOR AND BIRTH (One reason is
that the mother's stress levels may go down, because she
feels better prepared.
BIRTHING
VIDEO
&
Life Before Birth
Documentary
BIRTH
COMPLICATIONS
• LACK OF OXYGEN (ANOXIA): OFTEN
LEADS TO SURGICAL REMOVAL OF
THE FETUS (C-SECTION)
• PREMATURE AND SMALL-FOR-DATE
INFANTS
• PREMATURITY IS LESS SERIOUS THAN
SMALL-FOR-DATE
THE NEWBORN
• ASSESSING THE NEWBORN: APGAR
TO ASSESS NEWBORNS’ HEALTH &
NBAS FOR A COMPREHENSIVE
ASSESSMENT OF INFANTS
• 4 PRIMARY STATES: ALERT
INACTIVITY, WAKING ACTIVITY,
CRYING, SLEEPING
• HALF OF NEWBORNS’ SLEEP IS REM
(DEEP SLEEP)
• PUTTING THE BABY TO SLEEP ON
THEIR BACK MAY PREVENT SIDS
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins- Children
carried in the same pregnancy but who
develop from two separately fertilized
ova. They are no more alike genetically
than other pairs of siblings.
Identical (monozygotic) twins Children carried in the same pregnancy
who develop from the same fertilized
ovum. They are genetic clones of each
other.
In most cases, babies
are conceived and born
one at a time. However,
3 out of every 100
births in the United
States today are
multiple births
BUT
This number has risen
dramatically in recent
decades, in large part
because widely
prescribed new
medications given to
infertile women
frequently stimulate
multiple ovulation
Fraternal twins develop
when two ova have been
produced and both have
been fertilized, each by a
separate sperm. Such
twins, also called dizygotic
twins, are no more alike
genetically than any other
pair of siblings and may
not even be of the same
sex.
The remaining one-third of
twins are identical twins (also
called monozygotic twins). In
such cases, a single fertilized
ovum apparently initially
divides in the normal way, but
then for unknown reasons
separates into two parts, with
each part developing into a
separate individual.
In The
Womb:
Multiples
POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
HALF OF ALL NEW MOMS FEEL SOME IRRITATION,
RESENTMENT, AND CRYING
• 10-15% FEEL MORE SEVERE POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
• POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AFFECTS WARMTH AND
ENTHUSIASM OF MOTHERING
The postpartum period begins immediately after the birth of a baby
and continues for six weeks, as the mother’s body returns itself to a
non-pregnant state .
Welcoming a new baby home is both an exciting and stressful
time.
Parents experience a range of new feelings
including:
• Extreme fatigue as they complete new tasks with little sleep
• Anxious about changes in their routines
• Overwhelmed by the constant demands of an infant
• Physical discomfort and/or pain from delivery • Isolation from family,
friends and work colleagues
• Concern about the well-being of their other children
• Financial stress
All of these emotions are perfectly natural following the birth of a
new baby.
Handout (Pgs 2&3)
Baby Blues, Post-partum
Depression, Bonding With Baby,
and Seeking Support from
Other Parents
September 2nd, 2008
Elliotte Clark David Gordon