Organic Chemistry & Carbohydrates

By the end of the session, learners will be able to:
Review the definition of organic chemistry.
List and discuss the families of organic compounds.
Differentiate between alkanes,alkenes and alkynes.
Review carbohydrates
List and overview different classes of carbohydrates
Differentiate between mono-saccharides , disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Discuss the functions of carbohydrates in human body.
2

Organic Chemistry
• Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds.
• Carbon has the ability to form long chains.
• Without this property, large biomolecules such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids could not form.

Organic
• Contain carbon
• Have covalent bonds
• Have low melting points
• Have low boiling points
• Are flammable (all burn)
• Are soluble in nonpolar solvents
• May be gases, liquids or solids
C
3
H
8
Propane

Hydrocarbons
• There are three basic types of hydrocarbons:
– Alkanes
– Alkenes
– Alkynes

Alkanes
• Alkanes contain only single bonds between C-C .
• Their general formula is C n
H
2n+2
.
• They are also known as saturated hydrocarbons.
– They are “saturated” with hydrogens.

Naming of Alkanes
Prefix + ane C n
H
2n+2

Alkenes
• Alkenes contain at least one double bonds between C-C.
• Their general formula is
C n
H
2n
• They are unsaturated.
– That is, they have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens.

Examples of Alkenes

Alkynes
• Alkynes contain at least one carbon –carbon triple bond
• Their general formula is
C n
H
2n-2
• They are also unsaturated.

Examples of Alkynes

CARBOHYDRATES(CHO)
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CHO are hydrates of carbon Or polyhydroxy aldehyde Or polyhydroxy ketones.
Most abundant biomolecules on earth . Central energy yielding molecules.
Composed of carbon,hydrogen and oxygen only .
General formula is Cn(H2O)n
Most names commonly ends....ose

Classification of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are classified into two main classes..
(a)Simple Carbohydrates

(b)Complex Carbohydrates
Simple Carbohydrates are also known as simple sugars WHY?
-Because they are the simple common unit from which
CHO are built.

Simple Carbohydrates

They are of two types.
MONOSACCHARIDES

Monosaccharides
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Are single sugar units which contain 3 or more Catoms.
There are three types that are important to human body.
Glucose : main source of energy to the cells all other
CHO converted to glucose for digestion.
Fructose :also called fruit sugar founds in fruits and honey.
Galactose :found in mammal milk as part of lactose.

Disaccharides

Are double sugar consisting of two similar or dissimilar monosccharides bonded together.
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On hydrolysis give two simple sugars
Examples are,
-Lactose
-Sucrose
-Maltose

Types of Disaccharides
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Lactose/Milk sugar
Glucose+Galactose
Source: milk , curd , cheese
Sucrose/Invert Sugar
Glucose+Fructose
Sugar cane & Table sugar
Maltose
Glucose+Glucose
Sources:beers ,infant formula milk and syrups

COMPLEX CABOHYDRATES
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These are tasteless CHO made up of chains of simple sugars and are known as Polysaccharides .
Generally more than 10 monosaccharides most are made up of 100 of monosaccharides bonded together.
There are two types of polysaccharides i.e. Starch &
Glycogen

Types of Polysaccharides
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STARCH (plant,s storage)
Composed of glucose chain that may or may not be branched.
Main source of CHO in human diet.
Two important classes are,
Amylose : a straight chain of glucose units.
Amylopectins : A branched chain of glucose units.

Types of polysaccharides
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GLYCOGEN(animal,s storage)
Composed of highly branched glucose units.
Mostly founds in liver & skeletal muscles.
Many branched points allows for rapid breakdown to release glucose.
Involved in keeping blood glucose level constant.

Function of Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are most abundant dietary source of energy for all organisms.
They supply energy & serve as energy storage form.
They provide flavor.
Participates in cellular functions such as cell growth , adhesion and fertilization.

Functions of Carbohydrates
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CHO spares proteins
Prevents ketosis.
Glucose provide a source of energy (ATP) to cells.
Glucose can be converted to some form of amino acid & fats for long term energy storage.
Glucose is a constant fuel source for vital organ functions for example brain.