A Quiz??? On What??
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L.O. 1: Identify 3 Basic Concepts of Government
that influence the American Colonies
The English colonists in America brought
with them three main concepts:
• The need for an ordered social system, or
government.
• The idea of limited government, that is,
that government should not be all-powerful.
• The concept of representative
government—a government that serves
the will of the people.
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Chapter 2, Section 1
Where did these ideas come from?
Hammurabi 1750 B.C.E.
Code of law: Uniform, “Divine,” or “natural”
State as the authority to enforce law
Social Justice Concepts – “an eye for an eye”
Hebrew Law – The Old Testament
Judeo Christian Law based on the Ten
Commandments (Life, liberty, and property???
• Spread by the Roman Empire
Feudalism in Europe: a “Contract”
• Lord ---Vassals---Peasants
• The rights of Englishmen under fuedal
tradition become “common Law”
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L.O. 2: Explain the significance of Important English Documents to
the development of American Ideas about government
The way our government works today can be
traced to important documents in history:
•Magna Carta
•English Petition of Right
•English Bill of Rights
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Chapter 2, Section 1
U.S. Bill of Rights??? Which Amendment??
See Amendments (18)
Magna Carta
English Petition of Right English Bill of Rights
Which Amendment??
See page 18
Amendments…
Your text, p.29 (chart) may also be helpful
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U.S. Bill of Rights??? Which Amendment??
See Amendments (18)
Magna Carta
English Petition of Right English Bill of Rights
4th unreasonable
searches or seizures
Which Amendment??
See page 18
Amendments…
1st Speech, press, religion
5th Due process
6th trial by jury
1st Petition for grievences
8th Cruel and unusual
punishment/ excessive
bail or fines
2nd Right to bear arms
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L.O. 3: Describe the three types of
colonies established in America
There were three types of colonies in North
America: royal, proprietary, and charter.
• The royal colonies were ruled directly by the
English monarchy.
• The King appoints a governor and “council of advisors” (would
become the “upper house of the colonial legislatures.)
• Landholders would elect a lower house of advisors…bi-cameral
legislature
• Governor appoints judges
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Chapter 2, Section 1
The Thirteen Colonies
There were three types of colonies in North
America: royal, proprietary, and charter.
• The King granted land to people in North
America, who then formed proprietary colonies.
• Charter granted to a proprietor
• Proprietor appoints governor
• William Penn –Pennsylvania and Delaware
• Lord Baltimore – Maryland
• Primary Source – Maryland toleration Act
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Chapter 2, Section 1
The Thirteen Colonies
There were three types of colonies in North
America: royal, proprietary, and charter.
• The charter colonies were mostly self-governed,
and their charters were granted to the colonists.
• Rhode Island and Connecticut
• Governors are elected by landowners
• Largely independent
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Chapter 2, Section 1
Back to that Quiz 2.1
•
•
L.O. 1: Identify basic concepts that influenced government in America
L.O. 2: Analyze the significance of Early English efforts to expand rights
on Colonial thought.
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L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
British Colonial Policies
•
•
•
Until the mid-1700s, the colonies were allowed a great deal
of freedom in their governments by the English monarchy.
Primary Source: In America’s Legacy
In 1760, King George III imposed new taxes and laws on
the colonists. Why this “renewed interest in the Colonies?
1. To pay for debts incurred during the French and Indian War
(1763)…payment for protection (taxes)
2. To avoid future conflict on the frontier (Proclamation of 1763)
• Actual vs. Virtual Representation??
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Chapter 2, Section 2
L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
British Colonial Policies
Proclamation of 1763
What prompted the Proclamation?
Quartering Act of 1765?
Colonists viewpoint?
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Chapter 2, Section 2
Describe the ideas behind the American Revolution and their role in shaping the Constitution
Road to Revolution

Irritants








Sugar Act 1764
Currency Act 1764
…Or…”it’s the
Stamp Act 1765
economy stupid.”
Townshend Duties
Quartering Act of 1765
No representation in Parliament
Tea Act 1773
Protests and boycotts
 Sons of Liberty bring down the stamp Act
 Boston Tea Party
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(27)
L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
Intolerable/Coercive Acts
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L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
Growing Colonial Unity
Early Attempts
•
•
In 1643, several New England
settlements formed the New
England Confederation.
A confederation is a joining of
several groups for a common
purpose.
The Albany Plan
•
In 1754, Benjamin Franklin
proposed the Albany Plan of
Union, in which an annual
congress of delegates
(representatives) from each of
the 13 colonies would be
formed.
The Stamp Act Congress
•
•
In 1765, a group of colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress
in New York….response to the policies of King George
These delegates prepared the Declaration of Rights and Grievances
against British policies and sent it to the king.
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Chapter 2, Section 2
L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
Primary Source Readings
•
•
•
1. Provide a summary/explanation of the reading
2. Discuss how the work reflects the “American” view of government
and the relationship between government and the governed.
Present/discuss your thoughts on the “Questions for Discussion.”
•
Patrick Henry’s Speech (RED)
•
•
•
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Section:
Adam Smith (GREEN)
Thomas Paine (PURPLE)
Virginia Declaration of Rights (BLUE/White)
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L.O.3: Outline the growth of colonial self-government and actions that led to an independence movement.
The Continental Congresses
Second Continental
Congress
First Continental
Congress
•
•
The colonists sent a
Declaration of Rights to
King George III. George’s Response
The delegates urged
each of the colonies to
refuse all trade with
England until British tax
and trade regulations
were repealed, or
recalled.
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•
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In 1775, each of the 13
colonies sent
representatives to this
gathering in Philadelphia.
The Second Continental
Congress served as the
first government of the
United States from 1776
to 1781.
Chapter 2, Section 2
L.O.5: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence
On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress
adopted the Declaration of Independence.
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Background
•
•
•
January 1776 – Common Sense
is distributed throughout colonies
June 7, 1776 - Richard Henry
Lee offers a resolution to
Congress that “these United
Colonies…ought to be free and
independent”
June 11, 1776 – Congress
appoints a committee to write a
Declaration of Independence:
Benjamin Franklin, Roger
Sherman, John Adams, Robert
Livingston and Thomas Jefferson
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
More Background
•
July 4, 1776 –
Declaration of
Independence is adopted
by Congress, John
Hancock was the first
person to sign it
•
August 2, 1776 –
Declaration of
Independence is signed
by 50 present members
of Congress, Franklin
remarks “We must all
hang together or we
shall hang separately.”
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Main Author – Thomas Jefferson
• Although there were 5
men appointed to
write the Declaration
of Independence,
Jefferson was the
main author
Congress only accepted
the Declaration of
Independence after they
cut a large portion that
attacked slavery
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Enlightenment
• Jefferson used the Enlightenment
ideas of JOHN LOCKE
People are born with certain natural
rights: life, liberty and property
People form governments to protect
these rights
If governments interfere with these rights,
the people have the right to
OVERTHROW them
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Purpose
• To show why the
colonies were
revolting against
Britain and Declaring
their Independence
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
4 Parts of the Declaration of Independence
• Preamble
• Declaration of Natural
Rights
• List of Grievances
• Resolution of
Independence
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
PREAMBLE
•
•
•
First part of the Declaration of Independence
Introduction
Explains why the Continental Congress wrote the Declaration of
Independence
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Preamble
“When in the Course of
human events, it
becomes necessary for
one people to dissolve
the political bands
which have connected
them with another…a
decent respect to the
opinions of mankind
requires that they
should declare the
causes which impel
them to separate.”
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When it is necessary
for people to
separate from their
government, these
people need to tell
others the reasons
why they are
separating.
5
L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Natural Rights
•
•
•
•
Second part of the Declaration of Independence
Lists the rights of the citizens
Explains that in a republic, the government is there to protect the
rights of the people
Jefferson calls these rights UNALIENABLE rights, which means
they can never be taken away
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Natural Rights
“We hold these truths
to be self-evident,
that all men are
created equal, that
they are endowed by
their Creator with
certain unalienable
Rights, that among
these are Life,
Liberty, and the
Pursuit of
Happiness.”
1 2
TAKEN FROM??
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•
These ideas are taken
from the Enlightenment
thinker, John Locke who
said people have natural
rights like life, liberty and
property.
5
L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Natural Rights
“That to secure these
rights, Governments
are instituted
among Men,
deriving their
powers from the
consent of the
governed…”
• Government’s job is to
protect the rights of the
people
• Governments should
get their power from
the people they govern
Reflections of Locke?
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Natural Rights
“ That whenever any
Form of Government
becomes destructive
of these ends, it is the
Right of the People to
alter or to abolish
it…it is their right, it
is their duty, to
throw off such
Government and
provide new Guards
for their future
security.”
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• If a government is not
protecting the
people’s rights the
people have the right
AND obligation to
overthrow that
government and start
a new one.
5
L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
List of Grievances
•
•
•
•
Third part of the Declaration of Independence
List of the colonists’ complaints with England
They specifically blame King George III
There are 28 grievances, or complaints, that are listed in this section of
the Declaration of Independence
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
List of Grievances
Here are some of the complaints:
QUARTERING
ACT
British soldiers in colonies without permission
Quartering British troops in the colonies
Not punishing these troops when they harm
colonists
NAVIGATION
ACTS
Cutting off the colonists’ trade with the rest of
the world
Taxing the colonists without their permission
TEA
ACT
INTOLERABLE
ACTS
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STAMP
ACT
L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Resolution of Independence
• Final part of the
Declaration of
Independence
• Declares that the
colonies are “Free
and Independent
States”
• Includes the
signatures of the
signers of the
Declaration of
Independence
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Resolution of Independence
• These states
have the power
to:
Declare war
Trade with other
countries
Form alliances
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
The Signers
John Hancock was the first
person to sign the Declaration
of Independence.
(He signed it very largely so King
George could see it “all the
way from England.”)
There were 56 signers of the
Declaration from all of the 13
colonies.
Signing the Declaration was
considered treason,
punishable by death
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
Remember…
1.
Main idea of Declaration of Independence and Constitution –
governments should be based on the consent of the governed
2. Declaration of Independence states that people have the right to overthrow
an oppressive government
3. The main purpose of the Declaration is to JUSTIFY the colonists’ revolt
against England
4. There are 4 Sections: Preamble, Declaration of Natural Rights, List of
Grievances, Resolution of Independence
5. The Declaration created “free and independent States…sovereign states.
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L.O. 4: Analyze the Declaration of Independence
American Independence: Four Docs Act.
“We hold these truths to be self evident…”
For Wednesday:
1. Complete Four Docs activity
2. Complete 2.2 Quiz
2. Read pp. 44-47
3. Complete the 2.3 Guided Reading Worksheet
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Section:
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Chapter 2, Section 2
L.O.5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation
Common Features of State Constitutions
Common Features of State Constitutions
Between 1776
and 1777, most
of the States
adopted
constitutions
instead of
charters.
Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Civil Rights and
Liberties
Separation of Powers
and Checks and
Balances
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The principle of popular sovereignty was
the basis for every new State constitution.
That principle says that government can
exist and function only with the consent of
the governed. The people hold power and
the people are sovereign.
The concept of limited government was a
major feature of each State constitution.
The powers delegated to government were
granted reluctantly and hedged with many
restrictions.
In every State it was made clear that the
sovereign people held certain rights that the
government must respect at all times. Seven
of the new constitutions contained a bill of
rights, setting out the “unalienable rights”
held by the people.
The powers granted to the new State
governments were purposely divided among
three branches: executive, legislative, and
judicial. Each branch was given powers with
which to check (restrain the actions of) the
other branches of the government.
Chapter 2, Section 2
Take –Home Quiz Review
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L.O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation established “a firm
league of friendship” among the States.
Powers
Congress was given the
power to declare war, deal
with national finance issues,
and settle disputes among
the States.
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Section:
Obligations
The States promised to obey
Congress, and to respect the
laws of the other States.
Most other powers were
retained by each State.
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Chapter 2, Section 3
L.O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation
What is a Confederacy?..Why a Confederacy?
•
Strengths???
“Free and Independent States”
Sovereignty???
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L.O. 5: Describe American Government under the Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
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Chapter 2, Section 3
L.O. 5: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Economic Crisis and Shays’ Rebellion
Primary source readings:
“Divergent responses to economic crisis”
Terms: balance of trade, hard money, specie, currency contraction,
vertical economic mobility, creditor, debtor, acrimonious
Identify the main arguments of
1.
2.
Opponents of paper money (“Curtius”)
Advocates of paper money (“Willing To Learn”)
Shays’s Rebellion
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More4
on Shays
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5
L.O. 5: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
A Call for a Stronger Government
• Representatives from Maryland and Virginia
met at Mount Vernon, Virginia, in 1785 to
discuss trade issues.
• The meeting was so successful that the
Virginia General Assembly requested a
meeting of all thirteen States, which
eventually became the Constitutional
Convention in Philadelphia.
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Chapter 2, Section 3
SECTION 4
Creating the Constitution
• Who were the Framers of the Constitution?
• What were the differences between the Virginia
Plan and the New Jersey Plan?
• What were some of the compromises on which
the Constitutional Convention agreed?
• What sources did the delegates draw on and
how did they react when they completed the
Constitution?
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Who were the Framers of the Constitution?
Leaders of the Philadelphia Convention
 James Madison was the co-author of the Articles of Confederation.
 Gouverneur Morris was a lawyer who helped develop the U.S. system of
money.
 Alexander Hamilton was a lawyer who favored a strong central
government.
 George Washington was the successful leader of the Continental Army.
Some famous leaders who were NOT at the Philadelphia
Convention
 Patrick Henry said he Òsmelt a ratÓand refused to attend.
 Samuel Adams and John Hancock were not selected as delegates by
their states.
 Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine were in Paris.
 John Adams was on diplomatic missions to England and Holland.
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Gentlemen in Philadelphia
and Philosophy in Action

Who attended Constitutional Convention?
 55 delegates from 12 states
 Not “average” people - Wealthy planters, lawyers, merchants.
 They ignored their instructions to revise the Articles and set about
designing a new government….WHY? Because the dissenters stayed
home!

High principles versus self-interest




Human nature…Hobbes, Locke, Adam Smith…SELF INTEREST!
Political conflict results from factions…pursuing self interest
Purpose of government…Protect natural rights (Locke)
Nature of government…Limited government (Locke)
…Separation of powers (Montesquieu)
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L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Gentlemen in Philadelphia
and Philosophy in Action
•
The Framers were worried that the majority faction would tyrannize minority
factions — specifically, the majority without property (remember Shays’s
Rebellion?) would try to use government to redistribute wealth from the
wealthy minority composed of themselves. They intended to design a
government that would prevent this. Preserving property, they believed, was
the principle object of government.
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L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Critical Issues at the Convention
 Equality Issues
 Economic Issues
 Individual Rights Issues
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L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Equality Issues
Small vs. large…Slave vs. Free…Rich vs
poor

Equality and representation of the states
 New Jersey Plan
 Virginia Plan
 Connecticut Compromise

Slavery

Equality in voting
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2.4
L.O. 2.4-1: Describe how/why the need for a stronger National Government led to a Constitutional Convention
Question: Why does the United
States have a Bi-Cameral Legislature?

Historical reason?...

Theoretical Reason?...

Practical Reason?...
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L.O. 2.4-2: Compare and contrast the Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
Representation: The Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plans
The Virginia Plan
•
•
Three branches of government
Bicameral legislature
Lower house based on population/or
monetary contributions to the central
gov.
Upper house chosen by
representatives in the lower house
•
“ One National Executive” and
“National Judiciary” (chosen by
congress)
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Section:
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The New Jersey Plan
•
•
•
•
•
Unicameral Congress
Equal representation for States of
different sizes
More than one federal executive to be
chosen by the legislature
One national Judiciary to be chosen by
the executive
Would maintain strict limits on Federal
power
5
L.O. 2.4-3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises
A Bundle of Compromises?
• The Connecticut Compromise
Delegates agreed on a bicameral Congress, one segment
with equal representation for States, and the other with
representation proportionate to the States’ populations.
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Section:
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises
A Bundle of Compromises?
Equality Issues

Slavery Article 1, Sections 2 and 9
The Three-Fifths Compromise
The Framers decided to count a slave as three-fifths of a
person when determining the population of a State.
The Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise
Congress was forbidden from taxing exported goods, and was
not allowed to act on the slave trade for 20 years.
The northern states had to acquiesce to southern states’ demands or the southern states would
have simply refused to join the union. The southern states received a promise that the slave trade
would not be restricted until at least 1808, that escaped slaves in free states were to be returned to
their owners, and that slaves would be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of
representation in Congress.
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises
A Bundle of Compromises?
Equality Issues

Equality in voting? Art. 1 Section 2 (1st sentence)
Still smarting from Shays’ Rebellion, most delegates wanted to restrict voting
to men with property but in the end they decided to leave voting qualifications
up to the individual states.
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Section:
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-3: Summarize the major compromises that the delegates agreed to make and the effects of those compromises
A Bundle of Compromises?
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Chapter 2, Section 4
L.O. 2.4-4, 5
Influences on and Reactions to the New Constitution
Reactions
Influences
•
•
•
The Framers were familiar
with the political writings of
their time, such as works by
Jean Jacques Rousseau and
John Locke.
They also were influenced,
variously, by the Second
Continental Congress, the
Articles of Confederation and
experiences with their own
State governments.
Others?? All that reading We
have done???
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Section:
•
•
When the Constitution was
complete, the Framers’ opinions of
their work varied. Some were
disappointed, like George Mason
of Virginia, who opposed the
Constitution until his death in 1792.
Most agreed with Ben Franklin’s
thoughts when he said,
“From such an assembly [of
fallible men] can a perfect
production be expected?
It…astonishes me, Sir, to find this
system approaching so near to
perfection as it does…”
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Chapter 2, Section 4
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions
• What Do You Think?
1. Describe B. Franklin’s attitude
toward the Constitution. What
Reasons did he give for his views?
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WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions
• What Do You Think?
2. What were Mason’s objections?
Identify and describe an event in
American history that would seem
to support his objections?
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WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions
• What Do You Think?
3. Select one of Mason’s objections
and explain what remedies our
constitutional government provides
for the problem he identified. Then
take and defend a position on
whether the remedy is adequate.
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5
WTP 15 Conflicting Opinions
• Reviewing and using the lesson
1. Why is the Constitution
sometimes described as a “bundle
of compromises?”
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5
WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions
• Reviewing and using the lesson
2. What was B. Franklin’s opinion of
the Constitution crafted by the
Framers?
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WTP 15: Conflicting Opinions
• Reviewing and using the lesson
3. Why did George Mason refuse to
sign the Constitution?
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Section 4 Quiz
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Section:
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L.O. 2.5-1: Identify the opposing sides in the fight for ratification
The Federalists and Anti-Federalists
The Constitution was very controversial at first,
with some groups supporting it, and others
attacking it.
• Federalists thought
• Anti-Federalists
objected to the
Constitution for many
reasons, including the
strong central
government and the
lack of a bill of rights.
that the Articles of
Confederation were
weak, and argued for
the ratification of the
Constitution.
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Section:
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Chapter 2, Section 5
We The People Lesson 16
•
•
•
Individual -Group
Read pp. 84-85
Respond to “What Do You Think?” Page 85
1.
How did the arguments of the Anti-Federalists reflect their point of view
regarding natural rights, republicanism, and constitutionalism?
2.
Why did the Anti-Federalists believe that the Constitution would not be
able to maintain a system of republican government?
3.
Did the Anti-Federalists have less faith in human nature than did the
Federalists? Explain.
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We The People Lesson 16
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Individual -Group
Read pp. 85-86: A Bill of Rights
Respond to “What Do You Think?” Page 86
1.
What criticism of the constitution by the Ant-Federalists seems to you
the most valid? Why
2.
The original Constitution did not secure equal rights for women.
Would you have opposed the constitution for this reason?
3.
Which fears of the Anti-Federalists are expressed today? In your
opinion are those fears justified?
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We The People Lesson 17
Read 87-89
Respond: “What Do You Think?” Page 89
1.
How did the arguments of the Federalists reflect their point of view
regarding natural rights, republicanism, and constitutionalism?
2.
3.
Civic Virtue is not enough?...Why not?
What effects did the size and population of the new nation have on the
positions of the Federalists?
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We The People Lesson 17
Explain the following:
1. The civic virtue of the people cannot be relied on alone to protect basic
rights.
2. The way the government is organized will protect basic rights.
3. The representation of different interests will protect rights
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We The People Lesson 17
•
Read - Should There Be A Bill of Rights? (89, 90)
Respond to “What do you think? P.90
Group: Reviewing and Using the Lesson 1-5, p.90
This assignment will be collected
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Ratification
“If men were angels no government would be necessary”
James Madison
Ratify
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: to approve and sanction formally : confirm <ratify a treaty>
— rat·i·fi·ca·tion noun
— rat·i·fi·er noun
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A Bill of Rights?
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The Anti-Federalists best argument?
The Federalists response
A Call for a protection of rights
First Pennsylvania, then majorities in the ratifying conventions of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina
and South Carolina..
The Federalists were forced to pledge their support for the addition
of a Bill of Rights
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Ratification
“The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the
same.”
Article VII
Nine to form a country…But without Virginia and New York??
Why State conventions?..Why not have the State legislatures decide?
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The Constitution is Ratified
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Nine States ratified (Art.7,
p17) the Constitution by June
21, 1788, but the new
government needed the
ratification of the large States
of New York and Virginia.
Great debates were held in
both States, with Virginia
ratifying the Constitution June
25, 1788.
New York’s ratification was
hard fought. The Federalist
papers were widely published
in support of ratification
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Chapter 2, Section 5
Inaugurating the Government
• The new Congress met for the first time
on March 4, 1789 (New York.)
• Congress finally attained a
quorum
(majority) on April 6 and counted the
electoral votes.
George Washington had been
unanimously elected President. He was
inaugurated on April 30.
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Chapter 2, Section 5
The Election
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The United States presidential election of 1788–1789 was the 1st
quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Monday, December
15, 1788 to Saturday, January 10, 1789.
The enormously popular Washington essentially ran unopposed. The
only real issue to be decided was who would be chosen as vicepresident. Under the system then in place, each elector cast votes for
two persons; if a person received a vote from a majority of the electors,
that person became president, and the runner-up became vicepresident. All 69 electors cast one vote each for Washington. Their
other votes were divided among eleven other candidates; John Adams
received the most, becoming vice-president
Only six of the states had any kind of popular vote
Candidates for VP came from the ranks of federalists and antifederalists….the beginnings of party politics in America?
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Bill of Rights??
Madison (now a newly elected representative from Virginia) drafts a
proposal for amendments representing a bill of rights and introduces the
amendments to congress on June 8, 1789.
How are Amendments added??? i.e., why did it take so long?
Ten amendments (Bill of Rights) are added/adopted on
12/15/1791
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