Intro:
What is a Macromolecule?
• Organic molecules all contain Carbon.
• They are huge molecules called polymers
and are subdivided into their basic units
called monomers.
Macromolecules are made of many
small subunits bonded together.
– Monomers are the individual subunits.
– Polymers are made of many
monomers.
Carbon is the skeleton of all organic
molecules!
•Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other
atoms, including other carbon atoms.
•Carbon-based molecules have three general types
of structures.
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates:
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
CHO
Carbohydrates
• Small sugar molecules to
large starch molecules.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide: one sugar unit
glucose (C6H12O6) is blood sugar
YUM!
glucose
Disaccharide: two sugar units
glucose
glucose
units
glucose
glucose
glucose
glucose
cellulose
glucose
Starch!
glucose
glucose
glucose
Carbohydrate Function
- Used for Energy
- Some provide structure
Carbohydrate Examples
Monosaccharides
Glucose - Blood Sugar
Deoxyribose - In DNA
Fructose - Fruit Sugar
Galactose - Milk Sugar
glucose
Disaccharide: two sugar unit
Examples:
–Maltose (glucose+glucose)
in malt
–Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
is sugar
–Lactose
glucose
glucose
(glucose+galactose)
in milk
Polysaccharide: many sugar
units
Examples:
starch (rice, potatoes, cereal)
glycogen (starch in the liver)
cellulose (lettuce, wood, fibers)
glucose
cellulose
glucose
cotton
Lipids
Lipid Facts:
•Fats and oils
are neutral,
non-polar.
•Not soluble in
water.
Lipid Structure: • A Neutral Fat is a
Triglyceride
• 3 Tails of Fatty
Acid are attached
to One glycerol
molecule.
• Fork-like shape:
This is a model of 1 triglyceride (don’t write this).
(Lipid monomers)
How are oils different from fats?
Unsaturated
Fatty Acid
Saturated
Fatty Acid
Solid fat
Liquid oil
Saturated Fat Facts
• Saturated fats are solid
at room temp.
• Fats come from
animals.
• All Carbons are
“saturated” with
Hydrogen
• “Hydrogenated oils”
Unsaturated Fats/OIL Facts
• Some C=C bonds
• Less Hydrogen, some
Carbons are
unsaturated with H.
• Liquid at room temp.
• Oils come from plants
Lipid Functions
Six Functions of Lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Insulation against heat loss (blubber)
3. Shock absorption
4. Prevents water loss
5. Chemical messengers ( steroid hormones)
6. Major component in membranes
(phospholipids)
Lipid Examples
1. Fats
2. Oils
3. Waxes (bees wax)
4. Phospholipids (cell membranes)
5. Steroids and cholesterol
Proteins
Proteins (Polypeptides)
-Amino acids: 20 different types
-Bonded together by a peptide bond
to make polypeptides
Protein Examples
ENZYMES!!!!
Hemoglobin - in your blood
Muscles
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
-Two Types:
- Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA double helix)
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA - single
strand)
- Nucleic acids are composed of long
chains of nucleotides
- Nucleotides make up DNA
- DNA stores genetic information
- RNA builds proteins