Motivation and Emotion
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ISBN: 0-131-73180-7
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Is Emotion?
Emotion –
A four-part process consisting of
physiological arousal, cognitive
interpretation, subjective feelings, and
behavioral expression
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What Do Our Emotions
Do For Us?
Emotions have evolved to
help us respond to important
situations and to convey our
intentions to others
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The Evolution of Emotions
Emotions have survival value and have
been shaped by natural selection
Individuals vary tremendously in emotional
responsiveness
Emotions are not entirely programmed by
genetics
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Cultural Universals in Emotional
Expression
People everywhere can recognize at least
six or seven basic emotions: sadness,
fear, anger, disgust/contempt, happiness
and surprise
There are, however, huge cultural
differences in the context and intensity of
emotional displays
Examples? Picketing
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Facial Expression Analysis
Emotion-specified facial
expression.
1. disgust/contempt
2. fear
3. happiness
4. surprise
5. sadness
6. anger
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The Emotion Wheel
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Cultural Universals in Emotional
Expression
Display rules –
Permissible ways of displaying emotions
in a particular society
Cultural, gender, age, and ethnic
differences.
Examples? Partner up.
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Where Do Our Emotions
Come From?
The discovery of two distinct
brain pathways for emotional
arousal has clarified the
connections among the many
biological structures involved
in emotion and has offered
solutions to many of the longstanding issues in the
psychology of emotion
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The Neuroscience of Emotion
The biological mechanisms at work behind
our emotions include:
•
•
•
•
•
The limbic system
The reticular formation
The cerebral cortex
The autonomic nervous system
Hormones
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Psychological Theories of Emotion
When????????
James-Lange theory–
An emotion-provoking stimulus produces a
physical response that, in turn, produces an
emotion
Cannon-bard theory –
An emotional feeling and an internal
physiological response occur at the same time
• One is not the cause of the other
• Both the result of a cognitive appraisal of
the situation
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Psychological Theories of Emotion
Two-factor theory of emotion –
Emotion results from the cognitive
appraisal of both (1) physical arousal and
(2) emotion provoking stimulus
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JamesLange
theory
Cannonbard
theory
Twofactor
theory
Stimulus
snake
Stimulus
snake
Stimulus
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Emotion
fear
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Emotion
fear
Physiological arousal
trembling
increased heart rate
Cognitive interpretation
“I feel afraid!”
Emotion
fear
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Psychological Theories of Emotion
Cognitive appraisal theory –
Theory that individuals decide on an
appropriate emotion following the event
Opponent-process theory –
Theory that emotions have pairs; when
one is triggered the other is suppressed
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Arousal, Performance, and the
Inverted “U”
Inverted “U” function –
Describes the relationship between
arousal and performance; both low and
high levels of arousal produce lower
performance than does a moderate level
of arousal
High
Performance on a
“normal task”
Low
Low
High
Arousal Level
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Arousal, Performance, and the
Inverted “U”
Not all people need the same arousal.
Sensation seekers –
Individuals who have a biological need
for higher levels of stimulation than do
other people
-Weirdos, X Gamers, and Thrill-Seekers.
Opposite: Slacker types, slugs, etc.
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How Much Control Do We
Have Over Our Emotions?
Although emotional
responses are not always
consciously regulated, we
can learn to control them
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Developing Emotional Intelligence
Emotional intelligence –
Ability to understand and control
emotional responses
-Daniel Goleman 1995 book Emotional
Intelligence
Emotional control can be achieved by
learning---social learning.
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1. Self-Awareness
• Recognizing and understanding your
moods and emotions and how they
influence others.
• Traits: Self-Confidence, SelfAssessment, and self-deprecating
humor.
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2. Self-Regulation
• Controlling or redirecting
disruptive impulses and moods.
• Traits: Integrity, trustworthiness,
reliability
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3. Motivation
• A passion to work for reasons other than
money or status. Pursuing goals w/
persistence.
• Traits: Desire to achieve, Optimism,
commitment.
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4. Empathy
• Understanding the emotional makeup of
other people and dealing with their
emotions in a positive manner.
• Traits: Sensitivity, Listening, and
Understanding.
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5. Social Skillz
• Managing relationships and building
networks by finding common ground and
building a rapport w/ people.
• Coaching other’s emotions
• Traits: Team-Building and
Persuasiveness.
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stop
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Detecting Deception
People can also control their emotions to
deceive
Do “lie detectors” really work?
Polygraph –
Device that records the graphs of many
measures of physical arousal; often
called a “lie detector” really an arousal
detector
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Motivation: What Makes Us
Act as We Do?
Motivation takes many
forms, but all involve mental
processes that select and
direct our behavior
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Motivation: What Makes Us
Act as We Do?
Motivation –
All processes involved in starting,
directing, and maintaining physical and
psychological activities
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How Psychologists Use the Concept
of Motivation
Motivation
• Connects observable behavior to internal
states
• Accounts for variability in behavior
• Explains perseverance despite adversity
• Relates biology to behavior
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DrivesVersus Motives
Drive –
Biologically instigated motivation
Motive –
Internal mechanism that directs behavior
(often used to describe motivations that
are learned, rather that biologically
based)
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Types of Motivation
Intrinsic motivation –
Desire to engage in an activity for
its own sake
Extrinsic motivation –
Desire to engage in an activity to
achieve an external consequence
(e.g. a reward)
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Rewards Can Sometimes Squelch
Motivation
Overjustification –
The process by which
extrinsic rewards can
sometimes displace
internal motivation, as
when a child receives
money for playing
video games
-Teachers or pro
athletes who get paid
too much.
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Types of Motivation
Conscious motivation –
Having the desire to engage in an
activity and being aware of the
desire
Unconscious motivation –
Having a desire to engage in an
activity but being consciously
unaware of the desire
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Theories of Motivation
Instinct theory –
View that certain behaviors are
determined by innate factors
Fixed-action patterns –
Genetically based behaviors, seen across a
species, that can be set off by a specific
stimulus
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Theories of Motivation
Drive theory –
View that a biological need (an
imbalance that threatens survival)
produces drive
Homeostasis –
The body’s tendency to maintain a
biologically balanced condition
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Theories of Motivation
Locus of control –
An individual’s sense of where his or her
life influences originate–internally or
externally: Examples?????????
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How Are Achievement,
Hunger, and Sex Alike?
Different?
No single theory accounts
for all forms of motivation,
because each motive
involves its own mix of
biological, mental,
behavioral, and
social/cultural influences
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Measuring the Need for Achievement
Projection –
Process by which people attribute their
own unconscious motives to other people
or objects---Freudian defense
mechanism
Need for achievement (n Ach) –
Mental state that produces a
psychological motive to excel or reach
some goal
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A Cross-Cultural Perspective on
Achievement
Individualism –
View that places a high value on
individual achievement and distinction
Collectivism –
View that values group loyalty and pride
over individual distinction
Cultural examples?????
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Hunger Motivation
Set point –
Refers to the tendency of the body to
maintain a certain level of body fat and body
weight
Weight control is a complex
issue with no simple answers. Is there an
“ideal” body?
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Thirst and Pain
Volumetric thirst –
A drop in extracellular fluid levels
Osmotic thirst –
A drop in intracellular fluid levels
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The Scientific Study of Sexuality
Kinsey interviewed 17,000 Americans
concerning their sexual behavior
Masters and Johnson
Sexual response cycle –
Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau,
orgasm, and resolution occurring in both
men and women
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Phases of Human Sexual
Response
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Sexual Motivation
Virtually any stimulus that becomes
associated with genital touch and orgasm
can become a conditioned stimulus that
motivates sexual activity
Sexual scripts –
Socially learned ways of responding in
sexual situations
Both learning and genetics affect our
sexual behaviors
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
For any questions about this topic,
please ask legendary health/pe
instructor Mr. Smiley
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MOTIVATIONAL CONFLICT
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What happens when
motives are in conflict?
Answer-It causes stress.
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Motives in Conflict
Approach-approach conflict –
A conflict in which one must choose
between two equally attractive options
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• Approach-avoidance conflict –
A conflict in which there are both
appealing and negative aspects to the
decision to be made
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• Multiple approach-avoidance conflict –
A conflict in which one must choose
between options that have both many
attractive and many negative aspects
Reasons to take Psych:
-learn about the brain.
-Cool kids take the class. Jung Bucks
-Sean Speers
-Get to watch the Breakfast Club and
other quality films
-Field trips to computer lab.
--possible 4-5 on AP test
-Good background info for the Psych
class you’ll have in college.
-TICKET DAY!!!!!
Reasons not to take Psych:
McLaughlin is a jerk at times.
-homework checks
-Way too many terms.
-subs are mean-Mr M always absent.-Difficult tests.
-Marlee talks a lot.
-teacher always skips the sex sections of
the text.
-No more Tal Bear
-the only field trips are to the lab
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• What strategies do you use when you
have to make a difficult decision?
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How and Why Do We
Experience Stress?
The human stress response
to perceived threat activates
thoughts, feelings, behaviors,
and physiological arousal
that normally promote
adaptation and survival
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Stress and Stressors
Stress –
A physical and mental response to a
challenging or threatening situation
Stressor –
a stressful stimulus, a condition
demanding adaptation
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The General Adaptation Syndrome
Alarm
reaction
Resistance
– the body
– the body seems to adapt
mobilizes it’s
to the
resources to
presence of
cope with a
the stressor
stressor
Level of
normal resistance
Alarm Reaction
Exhaustion
– the body
depletes it’s
resources
Successful Resistance
Illness/death
Resistance
Exhaustion
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HOW TO REDUCE STRESS-NOT IN
TEXT******
• 1. Learn Time Management
• 2. Prioritize Your Life-Perspective
• 3. “You Time” at least 10 mins a day
• 4. Accept that stress is part of life-you
can’t control events/people entirely.
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• 5.-Exercise: releases endorphins
• 6. Be honest with people-guilt over
dishonesty causes lots of stress
• 7. Have a “go to” person-don’t let anger
build up.
• 8. Delegate/ask for help
• 9. Relationship Problems? Be proactive,
do something nice when you least want
to. Reciprocal Determinism.
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A Model of Stress
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Traumatic Stressors
Traumatic stressor –
a situation that threatens one’s physical
safety, arousing feelings of feel, horror,
or helplessness
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Catastrophe**
Cohen and Ahearn identified five stages
that occur in the wake of natural
disasters
•
•
•
•
•
Psychic numbness
Automatic action
Communal effort
Letdown
Recovery
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The Physical Stress Response
Acute stress –
A temporary pattern of arousal caused by
a stressor with a clear onset and offset
Chronic stress –
A continuous state of stressful arousal
persisting over time
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The Physical Stress Response
Fight-or-flight response –
A sequence of internal processes that
prepares the organism for struggle or
escape
Tend-and-befriend model –
stress response model proposing that
females are biologically predisposed to
respond to stress by nurturing and
protecting offspring and seeking social
support
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Posttraumatic Stress
Posttraumatic stress disorder –
delayed stress reaction in which an
individual involuntarily re-experiences
emotional, cognitive, and behavioral
aspects of past trauma
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Personality and Stress
Type A –
behavior pattern characterized by
intense, angry, competitive, or
perfectionistic responses to challenging
situations-more stressed out.
Type B –
behavior pattern characterized
by a relaxed, unstressed
approach to life
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Stress and the Immune System
Immune system –
bodily organs and responses that protect
the body from foreign substances and
threats
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Stress and the Immune System
Psychoneuroimmunology –
Multidisciplinary field that studies the
influence of mental states on the immune
system
Cytokines –
Hormone-like chemicals facilitating
communication between brain and
immune system
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Psychological Responses to Stress
Learned helplessness –
Pattern of not responding to noxious
stimuli after an organism learns that its
behavior has no effect
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Psychological Responses to Stress
Resilience –
Capacity to adapt, achieve well-being,
and cope with stress, in spite of serious
threats to development
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Motivating Yourself
Flow –
An intense focus on an activity,
accompanied by increased creativity and
near-ecstatic feelings
Involves intrinsic motivation
Athletes call it “being in the zone.”
How to get there?
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End of Chapter 8
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