HOLT
World History
CHAPTER 16
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Exploration and Expansion
Section 1: The Scientific Revolution
Section 2: The Foundations of European Exploration
Section 3: Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Section 4: The Spanish and Dutch Empires
HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
Objectives:
 Identify the factors that contributed to the
Scientific Revolution.
 Explain how Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
challenged traditional thought.
 Describe some of the important scientific
discoveries of this period.
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HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
From Magic to Science
 Roger Bacon – favored a system of scientific
experimentation
 Renaissance encouraged curiosity, investigation,
and discovery
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HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
The New Study of Nature
 Scientists formed conclusions based on observation
 New tools and instruments to observe and measure
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
Astronomy, Physics, and Anatomy
 Copernicus – heliocentric theory
 Kepler and Galileo – proved Copernicus’
theory and invented telescope
 Newton – laws of motion and gravitation
 Vesalius and Harvey – studied anatomy and
circulation
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 1:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Scientific Revolution
The Triumph of the New Science
 Descartes – “I think, therefore I am.”
 Francis Bacon
 Other scientific discoveries – calculus,
microscope, chemistry
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Objectives:
 Identify technological advances that made
European exploration possible.
 Describe the effect of the Commercial Revolution.
 Explain the role mercantilism played in the
colonies.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Improvements in Technology
 Mapmaking
 Navigation – development of compass
 New ships – traveled farther, faster, and under
greater variety of weather conditions
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Economic Changes
 Commercial Revolution – standardization of
money encouraged international trade and banking
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Mercantilism
 Balance of trade – to increase country’s wealth;
tariffs, subsidies
 The role of colonies – colonies were not allowed
to manufacture or import goods
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 2:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Foundations of European Exploration
Social Change
 Curiosity and spirit of discovery
 Hope of wealth or better way of life
 Escape religious persecution or spread religion
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Objectives:
 Describe what the early Portuguese explorers
accomplished.
 Discuss how the voyages of Christopher
Columbus influenced the world.
 Explain why the Atlantic slave trade prospered.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Portugal’s First Explorers
 Africa – slave, gold, ivory trade
 Dias and Vasco da Gama – overseas trade route
to India and East Indies
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Christopher Columbus
 Landed at San Salvadore
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AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Impact of Columbus’ Voyages
 Columbian Exchange – American foods were
introduced in Europe; Spanish brought horses
to the Americas; smallpox and other diseases
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AND
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HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Dividing the New Lands
 Treaty of Tordesillas – Spain took most of Central
and South America and Philippines; Portugal
claimed lands in Africa, Asia, and East Indies
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Vespucci, Balboa, and Magellan
 Vespucci – explored America
 Balboa – South Sea
 Magellan – Pacific Ocean; proved that the western
lands were a New World, not a part of Asia
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
Portuguese Expansion
 Conquered lands in East Indies – allowed
Portuguese to control others’ access to Asian
goods and markets
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Slave Trade
 Triangular trade – merchants shipped goods to
Africa, slaves were sent to the Americas,
merchants sent products to Europe
 African kingdoms and slavery – not all African
kingdoms participated in slave trade, some
native populations in Africa were depleted
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 3:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
Voyages of Portugal and Spain
The Portuguese Empire Weakens
 Lacked wealth and population needed to sustain
expansion and colonization
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Objectives:
 Describe how Spain extended its power
abroad and at home.
 Explain why the Dutch were successful in
the 1600s.
 Analyze why the Spanish Empire declined.
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Spain’s Colonial Empire
 Conquests – Cortés conquered Tenochtitlán and
built Mexico City in its place
 Colonial government and society – horses, guns,
disease weakened native Aztec populations; Spain
grew wealthy
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Spain’s Colonial Rivals
 French, Dutch, and English wanted a share of
Spain’s wealth and lands
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Charles V
 Holy Roman Emperor – had conflicting demands
between being king of Spain, supporting German
aims, and defending Christian Europe
 Divided lands among members of his family
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
Philip II
 King of Spain – controlled every facet of
government, directed Spanish Inquisition
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AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
The Rise of the Dutch
 The Netherlands break from Spain – practiced guerrilla
warfare; northern provinces declared independence
from Spain
 Dutch society – seafaring people, religious tolerance,
lively cultural center
 The Dutch colonial empire – trade was controlled by
Dutch East India Company; did not force their own
culture or religious beliefs on other societies
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HOLT, RINEHART
AND
WINSTON
HOLT
World History
Section 4:
THE HUMAN JOURNEY
The Spanish and Dutch Empires
The Spanish Empire Declines
 Growing population
 Increased costs and shortage of food, clothing,
and housing
 Expulsion of Jews and Moriscos – many skilled
bankers, business people, commercial leaders
and artisans
 Flow of money out of Spain
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AND
WINSTON