deer population dynamics What is happening to this population? 20 number of deer 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 Why doesn’t the population ever go above 18? 4 6 8 Year 10 12 14 Carrying Capacity The number of organisms of one species that an environment can support indefinitely. 18 is the Carrying Capacity for our population. deer population dynamics 20 number of deer 18 16 14 Why does population increase? 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 2 4 6 8 Year 10 12 14 Population Growth • An increase in the number of individuals in a population Unlimited resources and reproduction lead to population growth (G) Growth = Births – Deaths (G = B – D) Population Growth When births exceed deaths you see population growth. 600 500 J-Shaped Curve 400 300 Series1 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Exponential Growth • Exponential growth means that as a population gets larger, it also grows at a faster rate. 600 500 J-Shaped Curve 400 300 Series1 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Reproduction Patterns: Rapid life-history patterns • Rapid life-history patterns are common among organisms from changeable or unpredictable environments. 20 MINUTES! Reproduction Patterns: Slow life-history patterns • Large species that live in more stable environments usually have slow lifehistory patterns. • Reproduce and mature slowly, and are longlived. 22 MONTHS! • Maintain population sizes at or near carrying capacity. Growth Limitations • • • • Resources Disease Organism interaction Habitat Size/Crowding • Weather When a population overshoots the carrying capacity, then limiting factors may come into effect. Deaths begin to exceed births and the population falls below carrying capacity population growth over 20 years 600 500 population S - Curve 400 300 200 100 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 year 12 14 16 18 20 Two types of limiting factors: Density-dependent and Density-independent Population density describes the number of individuals in a given area. Population Density • Let’s say our classroom is 600 sq. ft. In 3rd hour and fifth hour, there are 25 students in the class. The population density for 3rd and 5fth hour is 25 students/600 ft² or .04 students/ft². In 6th hour, there are only 19 students in the class. Is the population density higher or lower? Density - Dependent • Density-dependent factors include disease, competition, predators, parasites, and food. • Disease, for example, can spread more quickly in a population with members that live close together. Its flu season, and lots of sick students are coming to school. They are coughing, sneezing, and touching everything. Ten percent of Ms. Sonleitner’s students have the flu, but are so dedicated they come to class anyway. If Ms. Sonleitner wipes down every table before every class, which class will be most affected by the flu? 3rd and 5th hours, because they have the greatest population density. A larger number of students will be infected and have opportunity to infect a larger number of healthy students. Density - Independent • Density-independent factors can affect all populations, regardless of their density. • Most density-independent factors are abiotic factors, such as temperature, storms, floods, drought, and major habitat disruption Six new students were added to sixth hour. The population densities of all the classes is now the same. The school is sponsoring an event that allows students to miss 3rd, 5th, and 6th hours. Which classes will be most effected? • All equally effected! The event will disrupt class regardless of size – everyone will have the opportunity to go. Organism Interactions • Population sizes are controlled by various interactions among organisms that share a community. • Predation and competition are two interactions that control populations. Predation Populations of predators and their prey experience cycles or changes in their numbers over periods of time. Lynx and Hare pelts sold to the Hudson’s Bay Company Competition • Is Density - Dependent • When only a few individuals compete for resources, no problem arises. • When a population increases to the point at which demand for resources exceeds the supply, the population size decreases. Crowding • As populations increase in size in environments that cannot support increased numbers, individual animals can exhibit a variety of stress symptoms. • These include aggression, decrease in parental care, decreased fertility, and decreased resistance to disease. • They become limiting factors for growth and keep populations below carrying capacity. Population of New Orleans, La 1970-2006 650000 population 550000 450000 350000 250000 150000 50000 -500001968 1973 1978 1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 year 1. What are the independent and dependent variables? 2. What is the population trend? 3. Why did this happen? Is this density-dependent or independent? Global population 1900 - 2046 Population in Billions 10 9 8 7 6 recorded population 5 projected population 4 3 2 1 0 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Years 4. What type of growth is this? 5. When does growth increase? What might have happened to cause this?