IB: 20th Century World
Final Exam Review
Unit 1: States & Governments
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Economics: Capitalism, Socialism, Communism
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Politics: Dictatorship, Totalitarianism, Theocracy, Monarchy, Parliamentary, Republic, Anarchy
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Authority: Revolutionary, Totalitarian, Oligarchy/Plutocracy, Democracy
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States, governments, regimes
o States: Pre-Industrial, developing, Post-industrial
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Welfare state, corporatism, competition,
o Legitimacy, sovereignty, accountability, pluralism,
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Democracy: Liberal, Constitutional, Representative
o Parliamentary, Presidential, Semi-Presidential
o Constitutional republics, constitutional monarchies
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Checks and Balances: Legislative, Executive, Judicial
Globalization, democratization
Essential Questions and Understandings:
The relationship between government and the governed
The historical and environmental influences that guide ideological choices.
How have history, ideology, and interaction(s) shaped modern societies and govts?
How does the Cold War continue to shape international relationships?
Which concepts and terms are essential for understanding political systems?
What is the relationship of freedom and equality? Can both be achieved?
How has increased democratization impacted global relationships?
What is the relationship of religion and the state?
How do the market and the state interact?
How has globalization shaped post-Cold War regimes?
Unit 2: 20th Century Chronology & Cold War Origins
How does historiography impact interpretations of the Cold War?
Chronological development of rivalries, new states, phases of Cold War
Development of international institutions and organizations
Rise of Russia  Creation of the USSR:
Russia becomes Soviet Union under Lenin:
USSR under Stalin:
1905: Russo-Japanese War (Fail), Industrialization (Witte), Bloody Sunday, October
Manifesto, State Duma (Legislature)
Totalitarian Government: 1 leader, 1 political party, spies, propaganda, paranoia,
elimination of enemies, cult of personality, promote nationalism, state control of all
aspects of life: government, economy, military, family, education (young pioneers),
media (censorship, Pravda)…
Political Parties: Anarchists, Social Revolutionaries, Social Democrats (Marxists)
Bolsheviks vs. Mensheviks, Kadets, Octoberists, Union of the Russian People, Czarists
1917: February Revolution, Provisional government Alexander Kerensky, Strikes
(Women too), Collapse of 2nd Gov’t
1917/1918: Lenin’s Return, Bolsheviks, “Bread, Land & Peace,” October Revolution,
Arrest of Tsar /Execution, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Formation USSR, multiparty Civil
War (1918-1922), War Communism
1921: Kronstadt Revolt (why?), Drought & Famine, NEP, Lenin’s 1st strokes
1920s: NEP, Scissors crisis (’23 currency), labor laws, literacy, Death of Lenin
(1924), Last testimony (Stalin=unfit ruler), Stalin and Trotsky split
1924: Constitution, authoritarian Politburo
Trotsky  Menshevik, leader of the red army during the civil war, (Jewish anarchist
devil or St. George the dragon slayer?), believed in global communist revolution,
exile, Mexico, assassination (1940)
Stalin  Georgian, Commissar of Nationalities (17-23), “Revolution in one country,”
General Secretary of Central Committee (1922-1953)
Everyday Stalinism: 5 Year plans (1928-1991), industrialization, collectivization,
nomenklatura system, forced labor camps (Siberian gulags), cult of Lenin, “Dizzy
with success,” “The Vanishing Commissar”
1932-1933: Holodomor (Ukrainian forced famine) punish/ purge Kulak class,
genocide, 7-10 million people
** Commonly oppressed groups Ethnic minorities
(numbering in the millions), Jews, Kulaks, Religious leaders
1936: New Stalin Constitution, year of the stakhanovites (record setting shock
workers), roll back in rights of women (duel burden of worker & homemaker, hero
mothers, abortion made illegal again)
*Stalin’s Henchmen: Beria (Cheka, NKVD), Molotov (Nazi-Soviet Pact), Malenkov
(missile program)
1936-1938: Purges/show trials, Trial of 21 (Bukharin, Trotsky, Rykov)
WWII: Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact 1939 (divide Poland), Hitler invades USSR,
Battles of Leningrad & Stalingrad, Conferences (Big 3): Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam 
decide the fate of Europe!!!
Berlin: Berlin Blockade (Berlin Airlift 1948-9)
Beria has to go, Malenkov is a no, Khrushchev runs the show
Unit 3: The Cold War
Assess the role of differing ideologies in the origins of Cold War
Examine the conflicting aims and policies of rival powers.
The Struggle for Europe – USSR, Berlin,
Globalization of the Cold War – Asia, Latin America, Middle East
Competition and Co-Existence
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Cold War Steps:
Wartime Conferences: Tehran 1943, Yalta 1945, Potsdam 1945
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Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 1946
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Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 1946 (and Stalin’s reply)
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Truman Doctrine, March 1947 and Cominform, October 1947
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Marshall Plan, June 1947
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Red Army occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945-1947
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Czech Coup, February 1948
Berlin Crisis: Blockade, June 1948 & Airlift until May 1949
NATO established, 1949, East and West Germany split, 1949
COMECON Founded 1949
NSC-68, April 1950
East German Worker’s Strike
Key Concepts:
o Containment, Collective security, Communism/Communist bloc, Democracy, Domino Theory, Marxism, Nonalignment,
(Nuclear) Proliferation/Non-Proliferation, Reprisal, SEATO, Socialism, United Nations, UNSC…
1929: Great Depression
1930s: Rise of Totalitarian Dictators (Single-Party States) & Appeasement
World War II: 1939-1945
Big 3 @ Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences
Truman Doctrine
George Keenan, Long
Telegram & Article X in
1947
Foreign Affairs
1947
Marshall Plan
1948
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Policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
State Department official
Called for a policy of containment toward the Soviet Union & est. the foundation for much of America's early Cold War foreign policy
Popularized the term "containment"
U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall (Speech at Harvard, June 1947)
Economic Assistance Act
Help the nations of Europe recover and rebuild after the devastation wrought by World War II (and counter forces of communism)
$13 billion in aid over four years (1948-51)
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
USA, Canada, and Western Europe
Collective security against the Soviet aggression
National Security Council Paper NSC-68
"United States Objectives and Programs for National Security"
Rejected isolationism
Called for a build-up of the U.S. military and its weaponry (conventional & nuclear)
Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift: 1948-1949
NATO
1949
NSC-68
1950
US Occupation of Japan: 1945-1952
Establishment of the People’s Republic of China: 1949 (Mao, CCP, PLA)
Korean War: 1950-1953
Fall of Dien Bien Phu (French Indochina): 1954
Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO): 1954
Warsaw Pact
1955
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Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
Soviet-led political-military alliance in Eastern Europe
Counterweight to NATO
Vietnam War: 1955-1975
Bandung Conference: 1955 (precursor to Non-Aligned Movement)
Nasser: Aswan Dam, Nationalization of Suez Canal, Suez Crisis: 1956 (Sèvres Protocol, UK/France/Israel )
Hungarian Revolution: 1956 (crushed by Soviet troops)
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Speech during closed session of Communist Party
Denunciation of Stalin’s policies  De-Stalinization campaign
Idealized Leninist Model
Any country could request American economic assistance and/or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed
Eisenhower Doctrine
1957
aggression from another state
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Motivated in part by an increase in Arab hostility toward the West, and growing Soviet influence in Egypt and Syria (Suez Crisis)
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Berlin Crisis 1958-1961 / Construction of the
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Cuban Revolution: 1959
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Formation of the Non-Aligned Movement: 1961
Berlin Wall
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Bay of Pigs Invasion (fail): 1961
(Egypt/Nasser, Ghana/Nkrumah, India/Nehru,
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U2 Crisis: 1960- Francis Gary Powers
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Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962
Indonesia/ Sukarno, Yugoslavia/Tito,)
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Cold War containment
Kennedy Doctrine
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Focus on Latin America
1962
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"Pay any price, bear any burden"
Khrushchev’s Secret
Speech
1956
Détente: 1960s & 1970s (Limited Test Ban Treaty, SALT I, ABM Treaty, Helsinki Accords)
Six Day War: 1967
Prague Spring (Czechoslovakia):1968
Brezhnev Doctrine
1968
Nixon Doctrine
1969
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USSR’s policy of combating "anti-socialist forces"
“The sovereignty of each socialist country cannot be opposed to the interests of the world of socialism”
US expects its Asian allies to tend to their own military defense
“Vietnamization”
Yom Kippur War: 1973
Fall of Saigon: 1975
Deng Xiaoping begins Four Modernizations: 1978
Iranian Revolution: 1979, Soviet Afghan War: 1979-1989 (1980 & 1984 Olympic Boycotts)
Solidarity Movement in Poland: 1980s (Lech Walesa, Pope John Paul II)
Carter Doctrine, NSC63
Policies of Mikhail
Gorbachev
1980
1980s
Sinatra Doctrine/My Way
1989
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U.S. would use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf region
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Glasnost  Openness in politics and government (eliminate corruption & gerontocracy)
Perestroika  Restructuring of the economy
Democratization  See Sinatra Doctrine
Policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs
Independence Movements in Eastern Europe: 1989-1991
Fall of the Berlin Wall: 1989
Tiananmen Square Protests and Massacre: 1989
Collapse of the Soviet Union 1991 (Commonwealth of Independent States: CIS, Boris Yeltsin)
Unit 4: Authoritarian States
Assess the aims of the totalitarian government and degree to which they were achieved.
Compare the methods by which totalitarian governments were established.
Compare authoritarian states – left vs. right wing ideologies
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Europe: USSR (Lenin & Stalin), Yugoslavia (Tito)
Middle East: Egypt (Nasser)
Asia: China (Mao), North Korea (Kim Il-Sung)
Latin America: Cuba (Castro)
Theme 1: Origins and nature of authoritarian
and single-party states
Conditions that produced authoritarian and singleparty states
Totalitarianism: the aim and the extent to which it
was achieved
Emergence of leaders: aims, ideology, support
Theme 2: Establishment of authoritarian
and single party states
Methods: force, legal
Form of government, (left-and right-wing)
ideology
Nature, extent and treatment of opposition
Tito
Background:
Balkans  Ottoman and Austro Hungarian control
Origins of WWI (Assassination of Franz Ferdinand)
Rise of Tito:
WWII: Partisans  resistance group led by Josip Broz (aka Tito) 
Defeat Germans, Establish communist government, Yugoslavian
Federation
Authoritarianism:
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY)
Prime Minister 1943-1963, President 1953-1980
*authoritarian dictatorship*
Suppressed nationalist insurrections
(accusations of systematic elimination of ethnic Germans)
Break with Stalin (Tito-Stalin split 1948-1951)
-The first (and only successful) Cominform member to defy Soviet
hegemony
Theme 3: Domestic policies and impact
Structure and organization of government and administration
Political, economic, social and religious policies
Role of education, the arts, the media, propaganda
Statues of women, treatment of religious groups and
minorities
Nasser
Background: Egypt
1800s: Independent, but under Ottoman control
18050s & 1860s: French company builds Suez Canal
1880s: British but controlling stake in canal
Post WWI: British Protectorate
1936-1952: Reign of King Farouk (tool of the British)
Rise to Power:
Military, fought in 1948 Arab-Israeli border clashes
Free Officers Movement
1952 coup (VP)
1954  President
Key Terms: Arab Nationalism, Pan Arabism, Arab Socialism, Nasserism
Authoritarianism & Domestic Policies:
-1956 Constitution (single party state)
-Suppression of opposition (Communists and Muslim Brotherhood)
Non-Aligned Movement (1961+)
1956: Aswan Dam Project, Suez Crisis, Sevres Protocol, UN
Resolution 242
Titoism: Marxist-Leninist socialism, but independent from USSR
1961: Non-Aligned Movement, United Arab Republic
Death: 1980
1967: Six Day War
Non-Aligned Movement:
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1955: Bandung Conference (Asian-African Conference)
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Five founding members: India, Yugoslavia, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana
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Goals of NAM: National independence, sovereignty, Territorial integrity, Security of non-aligned countries in their struggle against  imperialism,
colonialism, racism, foreign aggression, occupation, domination
Mao
Background/Rise:
Fall of Manchu: Imperialism, Spheres of Influence, Chinese Republic?
Nationalists: Sun Yat-sen (Sun Yixian), Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek),
KMT vs. Communists: Mao Zedong, CCP/CPC
1930s: Japanese invasion, 1934: Long March
WWII  United Front….civil war…
1949: People’s Republic of China
KMT  Taiwan  Republic of China (ROC)
PRC: Party (CPC), Army (PLA), & State
1950-1953: Korean War, 1950: Invasion of Tibet
1955-56: Little Leap Forward/Socialist High Tide
1956: Hundred Flowers Campaign, 57-59: Anti-Rightist Campaign
1958-1960: Great Leap Forward
1964: PRC = Atomic bomb
1966-1976: Great proletarian Cultural Revolution, Red Guard,
destroy four olds, 10 lost years
1960s: Sino-Soviet Split, Liu Shaoqi
1970s: Lin Biao, 1971: PRC replaces ROC in UN, 1972: Nixon in China
1976: Death of Zhou Enlai (Qingming Festival) & Mao dies
Key Terms: Maoism, 5 yr plans, communes, collectivization, backyard
furnaces, little red book, famine, National People’s Congress (NPC)
Castro
Background:
1898-1901: Spanish-American War , 1901: Cuban Constitution
Early 20th century Puppet Regimes….Machado…coup…Batista 1933+
Rise:
Fidel Castro & Raul  Became Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary
1953: Failed coup, jail, exile to Mexico, meet Che, return on Granma, Guerilla
movement in Sierra Maestra Mts.
1957-1958: Cuban Revolution
July 1960: Nationalizes industry & foreign owned businesses
Domestic:
-1959: Agrarian Reform, Education Reform, Federation of Cuban Women,
technical outlawing of discrimination
-1961: Nationalizes health care, Literacy campaign
Foreign:
-US trade embargo 1960-present
-April 1961: Bay of Pigs Invasion
- October 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis
-Latin America: DR, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Panama, Venezuela…
-Africa: Angola, Algeria, Congo
Late 20th-Early 21st centuries:
1970s: Sugar Target of 1970, COMECON 1972, 1976: 1st 5 year plan
1980: Mariel Boatlift
1989+ “Special Period” following collapse of USSR
Human Rights abuses/criticisms
Proxy Wars:
Korean War:
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Vietnam War:
Key People: Syngman Rhee,
Kim Il Sung, Mao Zedong,
Stalin, Truman, IKE, General
Douglas MacArthur
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Key Concepts/Terms: 38th
parallel, Stalemate, Armistice,
Demilitarized Zone/DMZ,
POWs, Republic of Korea,
Democratic People’s Republic
of Korea
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Key Events: Japanese defeat
in World War II, Yalta
Conference, US – USSR Joint
Commission, Parliamentary
elections, North Korean
People’s Army (NKPA) invades
Historiography:
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Western Traditional/Orthodox view: Truman intervened to protect
Koreans from Communist aggression, domino theory *David Rees
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Revisionist view: Stalin was a facilitator rather than originator of war:
Kathryn Weathersby, Local war which drew in superpowers: Bruce
Cumings, USA needed a crisis abroad to implement their plans for
rearmament at home: I. F. Stone & Bruce Cumings
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Chang and Halliday  Blame Mao & Stalin
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Key People: Ho Chi Minh, Bao Dai,
Ngo Dinh Diem, IKE, JFK, LBJ, Nixon
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Key Concepts/Terms: French
Indochina, Geneva Accords of 1954,
17th parallel, SEATO, Vietminh, National
Liberation Front/Vietcong/VC, Great
Society Program, Napalm, Agent
Orange, Republic of Vietnam, Saigon,
Hanoi
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Key Events: Battle of Dien Bien Phu,
Gulf of Tonkin incident, Assassination of
Diem brothers, Operation "Rolling
Thunder," Tet Offensive, My Lai
Massacre, Secret Bombing of Cambodia
(Nixon), Pentagon Papers
Historiography:
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Orthodox interpretations: Critical of US intervention, Vietnam = “bad”
war, doubt US aims in S. Vietnam, Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Frances
FitzGerald
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"Quagmire" thesis vs. “Stalemate machine" explanation /
Pentagon Papers: 1971
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Radical historians: US sought to establish a new capitalist world order,
Gabriel Kolko
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Reagan Era Revisionism/conservative revisionism: “noble cause,”
communism = strategic threat to USA, Ralph Smith, “the war in
Vietnam was lost in Washington, D.C”
New evidence from USSR Archives & Vietnamese language sources
Unit 5: Communism in Crisis 1976-1991
China
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Great proletarian Cultural Revolution
&"Ten Lost Years"
Liu Shaoqi = Chairman of PRC, 1959-68
1960s: Sino-Soviet Split
Lin Biao Incident: Lin Biao & son plan
assassination of Mao (Lin dies in plane
crash 1971)
1971: UN recognition, 1973: Nixon
1976: Death of Zhou Enlai & Qingming
Festival
1976: Death of Mao Zedong
Hua Guofeng: 2 Whatevers Policy,
tasked w/ rehabilitating Deng
Power struggle: Gang of Four & Madame
Mao (vs. Hua Guofeng)
Deng Xiaoping “The Pragmatist”
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Four Modernizations, 1978:
Agriculture, Industry, Sci-Tech,
Defense
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Open Door policy, Town and
Village Enterprises (TVEs),
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)
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1979: One Child Policy
1989: Tiananmen Square (Uprising &
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Human Rights issues: Censorship, Tibet,
Massacre, Tank Man)
USSR
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Eastern Europe
Khurschev: De-Stalinization/Secret
Speech, 1959: Visits USA (no Disneyland),
1960: U-2 Crisis, 1961: Berlin Crisis, 1962:
Cuban Missile Crisis, Sino-Soviet Split,
Virgin Lands Program, removal from power
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Yugoslavia: Death of Tito, 1980
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Poland: Solidarity, Lech Walesa, Pope
John Paul II, Gdansk shipyards, moral
revolution
Brezhnev Era: Leonid Brezhnev
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Dissent: Saminzdat, Taminzdat
o
Prague Spring: Alexander
Dubcek, “socialism w/ a human
face,” Brezhnev Doctrine,
Warsaw Pact tanks
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Brezhnev Doctrine
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1970s: Détente, SALT Talks
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Afghanistan: 1979-1989,
Mujahedeen, PDPA
Adropov and Chernenko
Mikhail Gorbachev: Young & Vital
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Glasnost: Openness,
Perestroika: Restructuring,
Democratization, Sinatra
Doctrine (my way)
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1986: Chernobyl
August Putsch or August Coup
Boris Yeltsin:
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1990: President of Russian SSR,
1991: Bans communist party,
seizes assets
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Russian Federation
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Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS)
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Czechoslovakia: Prague Spring 1968:
Alexander Dubček, Brezhnev Doctrine,
Velvet Revolution: Václav Havel, Charter
77, Imre Nagy (hanged)
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Hungary: “Democracy package”
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Romania: Brutal repression, Fall (trial &
execution) of Nicolae Ceaușescu (& wife)
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Singing Revolution: 1987-1991, Baltic
States
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Berlin: GDR/DDR (Eric Honecker) vs. FRG
(Helmut Kohl), Hungary & Czechoslovakia
open borders, Fall of the Wall: 1989, die
Wende/The Turning Point, German
Reunification, 1990
Gerentocracy
ALL Multiple Choice Questions June 5th