Grammar Revision
2ºBTO
Conson + y = – ies (study- studies)
O = es
(go – goes)
Present simple
S, x, ch, sh = es (watch- watches/ mix-mixes)
he/ she / it : -s -es (plays, goes) We study English
My sister watches TV
Don`t
We don´t study
+ verb
Doesn´t
She doesn´t study
+
?
A+S+V?
Do you study ?
Does she study?
Am
V-ing
Is
Are
V monosilábicos q terminan en 1 vocal + 1 cons., doblan cons.
Run—running swim—swimming
V de dos sílabas y acento en la 2ª, doblan consonante
Begin—beginning
Verbos que acaban en l , doblan l
Travel—travelling
Verbos que acaban en -ie , cambia a y + ing
Die—dying
Study- studying
A+S+V?
Play-playing
+
present continuous
+
-
?
I am studying
you are studying
he is studying
I am not studying
You aren´t studying
He isn´t studying
Am I studying?
Are you studying?
Is he studying?
Present simple
The simple present is used for two main types of action:
Habits
actions which happen regularly
o on Sundays
o Frequency Adverbs : -always, usually, often –
o every day, every week, Once a month, etc.
States Things which do not often change ( opinions, conditions, etc)
present continuous
The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:
 A temporary action happening now :
Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future)
Algo que está ocurriendo ahora pero parará en el futuro)
 A definite plan for the future :
Something we intend to do, usually in the near future.
Algo que tenemos la intención de hacer en un futuro cercano
Non-continuous verbs / Stative verbs
There are some verbs that you don't usually use in the continuous form, just as in
Spanish.
Generally speaking they're verbs that describe states and not actions, such as these:
verbs describing thought processes and opinions:
think, believe, remember, know, forget, agree, disagree…
verbs describing emotions:
want, like, love, hate, adore, detest…
verbs describing the senses:
see, hear, taste, feel, smell…
This doesn't mean that it's impossible to use these verbs in the continuous.
It just means that it's unusual and would probably be very specific in a particular
situation.
Frequency adverbs and time expressions
At the end of the sentence
How often..?
Always
Usually
Often
I do yoga twice a week
Every day
Once a day / week / month..
Sometimes
Twice a day / week / month..
Hardly ever
Three times a day / week / month..
Never
Before the verb
After to be
Twelve times a day / week / month..
She often plays golf
They are always
hungry
Past
Simple
♦ Monosyllabic ending in 1 vowel+1 conson,
Stop—stopped
♦ 2 syllables & stress in the 2nd,
double consonant
Permit—permitted
♦ V ending in conson + y
i + ed
Study—studied
Vowel + y
+ ed
play - played
+
Suj + 2nd col
-
Suj + didn´t + verb
?
double conson
V+ -ed
I played
I sang
I didn´t play I didn´t sing
Did+ Suj + verb ? A+S+V ?
Did you play? Did you sing?
TIME EXPRESSIONS
Yesterday
last week/year
2 days ago
In 2002
in the 80s
when
then
Use
 Past and finished actions.
We visited the museum last week
 A series of completed actions in
the past
When I opened the door, the dog
barked at the postman.
 Past states.
The old lady lived in this house
in 1887
Past
Continuous
+
?
Was + V-ing
Were
I was playing
You were singing
I wasn´t playing
Wasn´t
Suj +
+ V-ing
Weren´t
You weren´t singing
Was + Suj + V-ing Was I playing?
Were
Were you singing?
A+S+V ?
Was + V-ing
Suj +
Were
Time expressions:
While , as , last night / week ,
at 3 o´clock
I , He , She , It
Was/ wasn´t
You, we, they
Were/weren´t
Usos :
1. Para decir lo que estaba ocurriendo en un momento concreto del
pasado (no algo puntual, sino algo en proceso). La acción comenzó
antes de dicho momento y seguramente continuó después.
Fíjate que suelen expresar acciones largas.
I was studying all day yesterday
Parece q la acción d estudiar
fue algo muy largo
I studied all day yesterday
Solamente informas, no quieres
dar la idea de cuánto tiempo
pasaste estudiando
2. Para 2 acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo.
While you were reading the newspaper, I was doing my homework
3. Para la mas larga de las acciones, que suele ser interrumpida x una
mas breve.
I was walking by the street when it began to rain.
Present perfect
+
?
Have
Has
+
V-ed
3ª col
I have worked
She has written
I haven´t worked
She hasn´t written
Have you worked?
Has she written ?
A+S+V ?
Time expressions
Ever , never , yet , just ,
Already , lately , how long..?
For , since , in recent years
TIME EXPRESSIONS
•EVER :
(Interrogativas)(“alguna vez”) Entre el auxiliar y el verbo.
Have you ever been to London?
•NEVER : (“Nunca”) Siempre con el verbo afirmativa.
I have never seen a class like this.
•FOR : Indica un periodo de tiempo, cuánto ha durado una acción. (durante-desde hace)
I´ve known him for twenty years.
(Le conozco desde hace 20 años)
 DURING: + noun . Indica cuando ocurrió algo (not how long)
during our holiday
during the summer
during the night
•SINCE : Indica el momento o circunstancia concreta en que comenzó la acción.
I´ve known her since 1994.
(La conozco desde 1994)
•JUST : Indica que la acción acaba de concluir. Va entre el auxiliar y el verbo.
Have + just + Past Participle = “acabar de + infinitivo”
I´ve just washed my hair
( Me acabo de lavar el pelo).
•ALREADY : Va con oraciones afirmativas e interrogativas. (Entre el auxiliar y el verbo).( “ Ya” )
I´ve already seen that film
( Ya he visto esa película)
Have you already washed the dishes? (¿Ya has lavado los platos?)
•YET : Va con oraciones negativas e interrogativas. ( Al final de la frase)
Negativas. (aún,todavía). I haven´t found it yet. (Aún no lo he encontrado)
Interrogativas (“ya”)
Has the doctor come yet? (¿Ha venido ya el médico?)
 Para hablar de experiencias y hechos pasados que han ocurrido a
lo largo del tiempo sin especificar el momento.
I have eaten Chinese food many times
 Para hablar de acciones que aún continúan aunque empezaron
tiempo atrás.(Suele llevar “for” y “since” ). Las preguntas se
hacen con “How long..?”
I´ve lived here for five years
todavía vivo aquí)
( Vivo aquí desde hace 5 años-
 Para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento indeterminado del
pasado y cuyo resultado podemos ver.
We´ve painted the kitchen
 Expresar que una acción acaba de ocurrir. Entonces añadimos
“just” entre el aux. y el verbo
The team has just scored a goal
CONTRASTE PAST SIMPLE / PRESENT PERFECT
Past Simple: acciones que ocurrieron en un momento concreto del pasado.
When did Sam go to India? Last June
Present Perfect: experiencias que han ocurrido en algún momento
indeterminado.
Sam has been to India.
Past Simple: acciones completamente acabadas.
I lived in India in 1992.
Present Perfect: acciones que comenzaron en el pasado pero que continúan
en el
presente.
I´ve lived in India since 1992.
Past Simple: se acompaña de expresiones de tiempo pasado yesterday, 2
years ago.
Present Perfect: se acompaña con ever, never, yet, already….
Present perfect
of “to be”
Have been
Has been
+
V-ing
( llevar + gerundio)
+
?
I have been working
She has been studying
I haven´t been working
She hasn´t been studying
Have you been working ?
Has she been studying ?
Time expressions
For a year , since 2002 ,
how long..?
All day / night / week …
 An action that started in the past and which still continues in the
present. Or has recently stopped. (Como todos los contínuos resalta el
tiempo que está durando la acción)
You´re out of breath. Have you been running?
She has been working here for 2 years
 Actions repeated over a period of time.
She´s been playing tennis since she was 8
 An action whose results are still apparent.
I´m still tired.. I have been studying all night
Present Perfect and Present Perfect Continuous
Period of time:
I´ve been washing the car. I´m rather wet
Completed action: I´ve washed the car. It looks a lot cleaner now
The CONTINUOUS here focuses on the action going on
The SIMPLE focuses on the result of the action
Continuous : For an activity that is still happening.
How long ?
How long have you been reading that book?
Simple : Completed actions.
How much? How many? How many times?
How many pages of the book have you read?
Mary is still writing letters. She´s been writing letters all day
Mary has written ten letters today.
•Non-continuous verbs: like, know, believe, etc. Not normally used in CONT
Live & work : we use either CONTINUOUS or SIMPLE
John has been living/has lived in London for a long time
With “always” we use the SIMPLE . John has always lived in London
Had +
+
-
V-ed
3ª col
I had worked
I hadn´t worked
?
Had you worked ?
A completed action which took place before another action in the past
By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started
Past
Perfect
Past
Present
Future
Past perfect
of “to be”
had been
+
V-ing
(llevaba + gerundio)
Time expressions
+
I had been
-
I hadn´t been
?
For hours , since last year
All morning , when , until , before
Had you been ?
Para hablar de una acción prolongada que ocurrió en el pasado antes que
otra acción breve también pasada. Suelen ir unidas por una expresión
de tiempo de las del cuadro, o “although” , “because”.
We had been driving for 5 hours when we ran out of petrol.
 TO BE GOING TO + INFINITIVO
( Futuro de intención)
• Para hablar de nuestras intenciones, planes cercanos, o preguntar
a otros lo que han pensado hacer en un futuro próximo.
Next week I´m going to celebrate my birthday.
•Para hacer predicciones basadas en una evidencia en el momento en
que hablamos.
Listen to the wind. It´s going to be a storm.
 FUTURE SIMPLE
will + inf
• Para expresar decisiones espontáneas en el momento en que
hablamos
(ofrecimientos, peticiones, promesas, advertencias,
amenazas..)
I think you´ll learn this very quickly
The window is open. Don´t worry I´ll close it
•Para hacer predicciones basadas en nuestra opinión.
He won´t come.
Future de “to be” + V-ing
+
?
I will be studying
I won´t be studying
Will you be studying ?
At this time next year, I will be studying
Law in Madrid
FUTURE perfect
+
?
V-ed
Future de “have” + 3ª col
I will have studied
I won´t have studied
Will you have studied?
An action in progress at a certain time in
the future
Use
Time expressions
By this time next week,
by 10 o´clock…, In three months
A completed action at a certain time in the future.
By the end of June, we will have finished our exams
Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets.
Use a present, past or future tense.
will help
1.When you get home from the shop, I ………………………
(help) you carry in the bags.
be speaking (speak) French very well.
2.By the end of the school year, I will
………………………
Did
pay
3.………………………
you ………………………
(pay) the water bill yesterday?
don’t usually eat
4.We ………………………
(not usually eat) a big meal in the evening.
was reaching
5.While he ………………………
knocked it over.
6.Next week, Emma
7.Today, our teacher
London.
(reach) for his cup of coffee, he accidentally
is going to visit
……………………… (visit) me.
/ is visiting
is taking /
………………………
is going to take
(take) us to the British Museum in
Complete the sentences with the words in brackets.
Use the correct form of a perfect tense or the Past Simple.
had left
1.Andrea ………………………………
(leave) for the airport by the time I
called
………………………………
(call) to say goodbye.
hasn’t convinced
has been playing (play) tennis for years but he still ………………………………
2.Tom ………………………………
(not convince) his wife to learn the game.
will have heard (hear) about your secret.
3.By this time tomorrow, everyone ………………………………
have managed (manage) not to tell anyone yet.
I’m surprised that you ………………………………
ran out
should have filled
4.Last week, the car ………………………………
(run out) of petrol. We ………………………………
(should / fill) it up before we left.
haven’t handed in (not hand in) your essay yet. I’m surprised because you
5.You ………………………………
have
been working
………………………………
(work) on it all week.
Reported speech
Cambios en los tiempos verbales
Tense
Present simple
Direct Speech
“He works as an editor”
Tense
Indirect Speech
Past simple
He said that he worked as
an editor
Present continuous “He is working as an
editor”
Past
continuous
He said that he was working
as an editor
Past simple
“He worked as an editor”
Past perfect
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Past continuous
“He was working as an
editor”
Past perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Present perfect
simple
“He has worked as an
editor”
Past perfect
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Present perfect
continuous
“He has been working as
an editor”
Present
perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Past perfect
simple
“He had worked as an
editor”
Past perfect
simple
He said that he had worked
as an editor
Past perfect
continuous
“He had been working as
an editor”
Past perfect
continuous
He said that he had been
working as an editor
Future simple
“He will work as an editor” Would + infin.
He said that he would work
as an editor
Cambios en los modales
Can
Could
May
Might
Must / have to
Must / had to
Will
Would
Cambios en otras palabras
Now
Then
Today
That day
Tonight
That night
Yesterday
The previous day / the day before
Last week
The previous week / the week before
A month ago
The previous month / the month before
Tomorrow
The following day / the next day / the day after
Next week
The following week / the week after
Here
There
This
That
These
Those
Reported questions
Hay dos tipos de preguntas:
 LAS YES / NO QUESTIONS son las que se contestan con un “si” o un “no”.
para ponerlas en estilo indirecto utilizamos el verbo ask, y a continuación if o whether.
Entonces la pregunta deja de serlo y se convierte en una frase afirmativa, ya no hay
inversión sujeto-verbo(A+S+V), ni signo de interrogación, ni comillas.
“Did you speak to John last night?” She asked
She asked if / whether I had spoken to John last night
LAS WH-QUESTIONS son las que empiezan por una palabra interrogativa
(Wh- word)
Al pasarlas al estilo indirecto ponemos dicha palabra (wh-) y luego el sujeto + verbo.
►Who told you that story? She asked
Who are you writing to? She asked
She asked who had told us that story
She asked who I was writing to
Reported orders
Para poner una orden en estilo indirecto cambiamos el imperativo por un infinitivo con to.
Pero antes del infinitivo debemos poner un verbo que exprese mandato, como
Tell u order , seguido del complemento indirecto.
Hay otros verbos que siguen esta estructura aunque no expresen orden.
Ask o beg para peticiones.
Warn para advertir a alguien de algo.
Advise para dar consejo
Invite para hacer una invitación.
“Stop driving so fast”.
My mother ordered me to stop driving so fast.
Si la oración es negativa , ponemos not delante de to.
“Don´t tell anybody”
He begged me not to tell anybody
Reported suggestions
Primero ponemos el sujeto y el verbo suggest en pasado y después lo que se sugirió.
Las sugerencias se pueden pasar a estilo indirecto de dos formas:
 usando una oración introducida por that, con su sujeto y el verbo en la forma base.
(El verbo demand, que expresa mandato, también sigue esta estructura)
“Let´s watch the news” Tom suggested
Tom suggested that we watch the news
 Usando el gerundio, sin especificar ningún sujeto.
“ Let´s phone the police inmediately”
He suggested phoning the police inmediately
Reported verbs
+
?
Complain
Declare
Deny
Explain
Inform
Insist
Admit
Agree
Answer
Apologise
Boast (presumir, alardear)
Claim
Enquire
Request
Órdenes
Want to know
Wonder
Demand
Order
Shout
Warn
SÚPLICAS
Y RUEGOS
Sugerencias
Advise
Invite
Mention
Offer
Promise
Refuse
Remind
Reply
Suggest
Recommend
Beg
Complete the sentences in reported speech.
1.“Don’t turn up the music!”
My father warned me
not to turn up the music
2.“How much money have you saved?”
The bank clerk wanted to know
how much money I had saved.
3.“You must remember to give us the house key.”
Bertha and Marion said that I / we had to remember to give them the house key.
4.“Do the actors know their lines?”
The director asked
if / whether the actors knew their lines.
5.“I’m not going to eat any more ice cream.”
Andrew announced
that he wasn’t going to eat any more ice cream.
The reward of a thing well done is to have done it.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
They
gave
Diana
SUJETO + VERBO + OI + OD +
Diana
was given
a camera last week
CC
a camera last week
SUJETO (OI) + BE+PARTICIPIO + OD + CC +
A camera
was given
SUJETO (OD) + BE+PARTIC.
(BY+SUJETO)
to Diana last week
+ OI + CC + (BY+SUJ)
1.Identificar el objeto de la activa(OD/OI)
2.Lo ponemos de sujeto de la pasiva
3.Identificamos el tiempo del verbo.
4.Ponemos “to be” en el mismo tiempo + Past Participle (3ª column /-ed) del verbo
5.Ponemos el sujeto de la activa como agente de la pasiva precedido por “by”
+
-
Se forma con el verbo “to be” + el participio ( -ed / 3ª c) del verbo principal
An astronaut was sent into space
Hay que añadir “not” (n´t) al “to be”. Si la frase lleva un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, lo que negamos es el modal,
will o have / has.
An astronaut wasn´t sent into space
?
El orden es to be + el sujeto + el participio. Si es un modal, un verbo
en futuro simple o un tiempo compuesto, la pasiva empieza con el modal
o el auxiliar, igual que en la activa.
Was an astronaut sent into space?
TEN EN CUENTA QUE…
 Al poner en pasiva una frase afirmativa cuenta el número de
palabras que tiene el verbo en activa. En pasiva tiene que haber una
más.
 Al poner en pasiva una frase interrogativa debes empezar por el
auxiliar.
Are they preparing the meal? Is the meal being prepared?
Si la pasiva es negativa, “ not” va con el primer auxiliar
They are not making the meal.
The meal is not being prepared
It is said that.. / He is said to..
Con verbos como
believed, thought, expected, said, estimate, known, considered, reported…
la pasiva se hace de dos formas:
“Experts expect that the Chinese economy will grow”
1. “The Chinese economy is expected to grow”
2. “It is expected that the Chinese economy will grow”
HAVE / GET SOMETHING DONE
Cuando alguien hace las cosas x nosotros, ej “cortar el pelo,
pintar un piso, etc.
Have/get + object (my room, my hair, ..)+ Participio (-ed/3ªc)
En cualquier tiempo = I´m having, I´ve had, I´ll have
I´m having my house painted (Me están pintando la casa)
When are you going to have your hair cut? (¿Cuándo te vas a cortar
el pelo?)
Complete the sentences with the correct active or passive form of the verbs
in brackets.
has lost
1.My sister ………………………
(lose) a lot of weight lately because she
………………………
has been given
2.The letter
(give) a new diet by our doctor.
………………………
had
already been sent (already send) by the time Jerry
asked /
………………………
(ask) me about it.
will already have been sent
asks
3.I ………………………
(live) in this house since I was born. It
have lived /
have been living
(build) by my grandparents.
was built
………………………
Complete the passage with the verbs in brackets. Use the active or
passive.
People have always been frightened of natural disasters. In ancient times, floods
and earthquakes (1) ………………………………
were considered (consider) a punishment from the gods.
has been caused (cause)
Recently, in many places in the world, much damage (2) ………………………………
are trying
by natural disasters. Now, scientists (3) ………………………………
(try) to discover
whether it’s possible to use animals to predict natural disasters. In 2004, animals
ran to the hills before the beaches in Thailand (4) ………………………………
(hit) by the
were hit
can be discovered
tsunami. If the reason for this behaviour (5) ………………………………
(can / discover),
it may help scientists find a solution and many lives (6) ………………………………
might be saved
(might / save) in the future.
Conditionals
Summing up….
1
st
If + present simple ,
Unless = if not
2
3
nd
future simple
Modal
Imperative
If + past simple , would + infinitivo
Could
might
rd
If + past perfect , would have + participio
Could have
might have
Oraciones temporales
Se forman como las de 1st conditional : Present Simple , Future Simple.
Lo que cambian son las conjunciones : as soon as , by the time , when ,
the moment (that) , etc
She´ll buy a car as soon as she passes her driving test
When I get home, I´ll help you with your homework
Wish Clauses
Wish / if only
+
Past simple
Wish / if only
+
Past Perfect
Situaciones presentes
que quisiéramos
cambiar/mejorar
Hechos pasados
lamentando lo
Ocurrido
He wishes his house were bigger
If only I lived near the school
Pam wishes she and Tom hadn´t
broken up
If only Sarah had arrived earlier
+ base form
Wish / if only
+
Could
Would
Deseos sobre
situaciones futuras,
indicando q es poco
probable q ocurran
I wish I could improve my marks
If only he would call me
Complete the sentences without changing the original meanings.
1.Gary is sorry that he doesn’t know how to change a tyre.
Gary wishes
he could change a tyre.
2.I’m not old enough to go to that club.
If I were old enough / older, I would go to that club.
3.It’s a shame that they didn’t enjoy the play.
We wish they had enjoyed the play.
4.She didn’t go to the wedding because they didn’t invite her.
If they had invited her to the wedding, she would have gone.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
&
RELATIVE CLAUSES
 Who & that para referirnos a personas
 Which & that para referirnos a cosas
 When & that para referirnos a un momento en el tiempo
 Where para referirnos a lugares
 Whose expresa posesión (“ cuyo”) (* Nunca es sujeto y no se puede omitir)
Omisión
Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO
del relative pronoun
Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI
 Nunca se puede omitir si es el sujeto de la oración de relativo
The man who visited us yesterday is a professor
Sujeto = sustituye a The man
The house that was so old was rebuilt
sujeto = sustituye a The house
 Podemos omitirlo si no es el sujeto de la oración de relativo
The man (who) we met at the bus stop told me the truth
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
The house (that) we bought is very comfortable
Sujeto de la or. de relativo
Defining relative clauses
Hay dos tipos de oraciones de relativo
Defining relative clauses
Non-Defining relative clauses
imprescindibles para “definir”el antecedente.
Sin ellas el sentido de la oración quedaría incompleto.
The computer which we bought is very expensive
( si no especificamos de qué ordenador hablamos no queda claro el sentido)
 Los pronombres who, which y that pueden omitirse si no hacen de sujeto.
Whose no se puede omitir ni sustituir.
This is the blog whose author is unknown
Pron. Relat. + Verbo = NO
Pron. Relat + Suj + Verbo = SI
 When y where son los adverbios relativos.
When puede omitirse y sustituirse por that.
I´ll never forget the day (when/that) I met him.
Where no puede sustituirse por that y no suele omitirse.
I visited the area where all the trendy shops are.
 Si el relativo lleva preposición, lo mas común es omitirlo y poner la preposición
detrás del verbo. The boy (who/that) I talked to was nervous
Non-Defining relative clauses
 Nos dan información extra que no es esencial sobre su antecedente.
Si quitamos la or. de relativo la frase tiene sentido
The king of Spain, who lives in Madrid, is called Juan Carlos
 Siempre van entre comas.
 No se puede usar that. Se forman con who, which, when, where y whose.
 Nunca se omiten.
 Se utilizan en el lenguaje escrito y formal.
Complete the passage with relative pronouns.
which
I work at an animal shelter (1) ………………………
takes in homeless animals. The
where
shelter is the place (2) ………………………
the animals are fed and taken care of. On
when
the day (3) ………………………
animals are brought to the shelter, Dr Sloan is the vet
who
(4) ………………………
examines them and gives them medical treatment. Anyone (5)
………………………
pet is lost can come to the shelter to see if it’s there.
whose
Combine the sentences using a relative clause.
1. Here is the box. I keep my discs in it.
2.Look at that park. I used to play there.
Here is the box where I keep my discs.
Look at that park where I used to play.
3.I graduated from university. I’ll never forget that day.
I’ll never forget the day when / that I graduated from university.
4.We invited Jane to dinner. Her family is abroad.
We invited Jane, whose family is abroad, to dinner.
5.My sister studied medicine. She’s a good doctor.
My sister, who studied medicine, is a good doctor.
Combine the sentences using a suitable relative pronoun
1.Dan just came back from Hawaii. There are great beaches there.
Dan just came back from Hawaii, where there are great beaches.
2.Janet is a student. Her travel diary won a prize.
Janet, whose travel diary won a prize, is a student.
3.Do you remember the evening? Janet played the guitar for us.
Do you remember the evening when Janet played the guitar for us?
4.He is the man. He sold us the package holiday.
He is the man who / that sold us the package holiday.
5.This is the jeep. It will take us to the hotel.
This is the jeep that / which will take us to the hotel.
USE
MODAL
OBLIGATION
tengo la obligación de,
debo, tengo que


Must
They have to wear a uniform
#
I must finish this exercise
Have to (no modal:has to)
NECESSITY

Need to (no modal)(+)
She needs to speak to you
NO OBLIGATION
No hace falta que

You needn´t come if you don´t want to
You don´t have to come if you don´t want to

Needn´t
=
Don´t have to(no modal)

Mustn´t
You mustn´t smoke at school
PROHIBITION
no puedes
ABILITY
Se, puedo, soy capaz
POSSIBILITY
DEDUCTION/
CERTAINTY
Can (presente)
Could (pasado)
Be able to
-todos los tiempos
 May (puede que)
 Might (pudiera ser que)
(posib + remota)
 Could (puede que)





Must (I´m sure)
Can´t (It´s imposible)
EXAMPLE
I can play the piano
I could climb mountains
I will be able to drive a bus
They may begin acting like criminals
He might come
They could be on the train now
That must be your mother
(esa debe ser tu madre)
That can´t be true
(eso no puede ser verdad)
Modal
Can
Can´t
Could
Couldn´t
Be able to
May / Might
May
Would
Must
Have to
Need to
Needn´t
Don´t have to
Mustn´t
Should /ought to
Uso
Habilidad
Permiso
Posibilidad
Pedir algo
Imposibilidad
Deducción
Example
I can drive a bus
Can I go to the toilet?
She can come to the party
Can you lend me some money
I can´t lift this box Those can´t be my keys.
I´ve got them
Habilidad en el pasado
Preguntar formalmente
Especular
Sugerir
Imposibilidad en el pasado
Habilidad
Posibilidad
Pedir algo educadamente
Pedir algo formalmente
Ofrecer (con like)
Hábitos en pasado(used to)
Obligación,
Deducción
Obligación
Obligación
No obligación
No obligación
Prohibición
Consejo , opinión
I could play the guitar when I was five
Could you tell me the time, please?
Whose could these glasses be?
We could go to the theatre
I couldn´t ride a bike when I was five
I will be able to pass this subject
It might rain tomorrow
May I borrow your book, please?
Would you come with me to the wedding?
Would you like some tea?
She would tell us stories
You must be quiet in the library
John must be very busy. He didn´t come
I have to study hard if I want to pass
I need to buy some meat for dinner
You needn´t do all the exercises
We don´t have to attend the conference
You mustn´t step on the grass
You should tell the truth
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the modals and verbs in
brackets.
could have gone
1.They ………………………
home.
mustn’t forget
2.I ………………………
(could / go) to the film but they decided to stay at
(mustn’t / forget) to buy Mum a birthday present.
must be
3.She missed the test today. She ………………………
(must / be) ill.
spend
4.You shouldn’t
………………………
(shouldn’t / spend) so much money. Think about
/ shouldn’t have spent
the future.
needn’t have
left
5.You ………………………
(needn’t / leave) your dog at home. It would have
had fun here.
6.I ………………………
might have
found
(might / find) a babysitter if I had really tried.
Rewrite the sentences with the modals in brackets. Do not change the
original meaning of the sentences.
1.He’s sure that she’s happy about the news. (must)
She must be happy about the news.
2.It’s possible that the children broke the window. (might)
The children might have broken the window.
3.I guess David forgot about the meeting. (must)
David must have forgotten about the meeting
4.I won’t be able to come to the party. (can)
I can’t come to the party.
5.It’s a good idea to wear a suit for the interview. (should)
You should wear a suit for the interview.
Translate
1. My abuelo afirmó que se jubilaría el año siguiente
My grandfather claimed that he would retire the following year
2. Mi madre me aconsejó que no solicitara el trabajo de dependiente en Berska
My mum advised me not to apply for the job as a shop assistant at Berska
3. Se pueden encontrar montones de gangas en internet
Lots of bargains can be found on the Internet
4. ¿Dónde se venden vaqueros de marca en esta ciudad?
Where are brand-name jeans sold in this town?
5. Nunca me enamoraré de nadie a no ser que compartamos los mismos intereses
I´ll never fall in love with anybody unless we share common interests
6. Yo rompería con mi novio si me tratara mal
I would break up with my boyfriend if he treated me badly
Ojalá tuvieras mejor sentido del humor
I wish you had a better sense of humor
Sentí decirle adiós a la chica que había conocido
I was sorry to say goodbye to the girl who/that I had met
He reservado una habitación en el hotel en el que nos quedamos el año pasado
I´ve booked a room in the hotel which/that we stayed in last year
where we stayed last year
El desfile puede ser cancelado por culpa de la fuerte lluvia
The parade may be cancelled because of the heavy rain
No hace falta que te disfraces para participar en el Carnaval de Cádiz
You needn´t disguise yourself to take part in the Cadiz Carnival
Deberías ponerte elegante para ir a la boda de Julio
You should dress up to go to Julia´s wedding
Marta parece enfadada. Puede que haya discutido con Tim.
Marta looks angry. She might have argued with Tim
Podías haber planificado este viaje con bastante antelación
You could have planned this trip well in advance