Name: ____________________________
Chemistry Unit Review - answers
Topic 1 – Exploring Matter
1. How do attractive forces differ from solids to liquids to gases?
SOLIDS = STRONG ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN ATOMS
LIQUIDS = MEDIUM ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN ATOMS
GASES = WEAK ATTRACTIVE FORCES BETWEEN ATOMS
2. List the difference between an element and a compound.
Element
SUBSTANCE WITH A SINGLE TYPE OF ATOM
Compound
A SUBSTANCE FORMED WHEN 2 OR MORE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELEMENTS
COMBINE
3. List the differences between the 4 types of mixtures: Heterogeneous, Mechanical Mixture,
Colloid, and Suspension. Include an example of each.
HETERO
A MIXTURE IN WHICH TWO OR MORE COMPONENTS ARE CLEARLY VISIBLE
EX: ITALIAN SALAD DRESSING (Can see the pepper/herbs/oil/water)
MECHANICAL
COLLOID
SUSPENSION
A TYPE OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE WHICH HAS VERY OBVIOUS
COMPONENTS
EX: GRAVEL (All have a different shape, size, colour, etc.)
A MIXTURE THAT APPEARS CLOUDY AND WILL NOT SEPARATE INTO
“LAYERS” OVER TIME
EX: MILK
A MIXTURE THAT APPEARS CLOUDY, BUT WILL SEPARATE INTO DIFFERENT
LAYERS OVER TIME
EX: FRESHLY SQUEEZED LEMONADE
4. What is one way to tell the difference between a solution and a colloid?
A SOLUTION IS GENERALLY TRANSPARENT (EX: KOOLAID) WHERE A COLLOID IS CLOUDY (EX:
MILK)
Topic 2 – Changes in Matter
5. What is the difference between a physical property and a chemical property?
A PHYSICAL PROPERTY IS ONE THAT IS DISPLAYED WITHOUT ANY CHANGE IN COMPOSITION (EX:
MELTING POINT, BOILING POINT, HARDNESS AND DENSITY) ARE ALL WAYS USED TO DESCRIBE A
SUBSTANCE.
A CHEMICAL PROPERTY IS ANY CHARACTERISTIC THAT GIVES A SAMPLE OF MATTER THE
ABILITY/INABILITY TO UNDERGO A CHANGE THAT ALTERS ITS COMPOSITION. EXAMPLES: ALKALI METALS
REACT WITH WATER.
Name: ____________________________
Explain what each of the following words mean.
Malleability
THE ABILITY TO BE HAMMERED, MOLDED, BENT, ETC. WITHOUT BREAKING
Ductility
THE ABILITY TO BE STRETCHED WITHOUT BREAKING
Solubility
THE QUANTITY OF A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN DISSOLVE IN A SOLVENT
(YIELDING A SATURATED SOLUTION)
Density
THE DEGREE OF COMPACTNESS OF A SUBSTANCE
(MASS/VOLUME)
6. What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative property>
QUALITATIVE DATA IS WHAT YOU OBSERVE USING DESCRIPTIONS AND SENSES (I.E REACTION PRODUCES
YELLOW GAS).
QUANTITATIVE DATA IS NUMERICAL INFORMATION----DEALS WITH NUMBERS (I.E. IT REACTION TIME
WAS 3.5 MINUTES)
7. Understand the following diagram. These are all examples of PHYSICAL changes (physical or
chemical)?
8. List at least four examples of evidence that a chemical change has occurred.
FORMATION OF GAS
CHANGE IN COLOUR
CHANGE IN ODOUR
PRECIPITATE FORMS
Topic 3 – What are Elements?
9. Who were alchemists and how did they contribute to the science of Chemistry?
THE SCIENTISTS WHO BELIEVE THAT OTHER METALS COULD BE TURNED INTO GOLD ARE CALLED
ALCHEMISTS. THEY COMBINED SCIENCE WITH MAGIC
Name: ____________________________
10. Who is Ernest Rutherford and what was his contribution to Chemistry?
A SCIENTIST WHO CAME UP WITH THE PLANETARY ATOMIC MODEL
11. Who was Niels Bohr and what was his contribution to Chemistry?
A SCIENTIST WHO CAME UP WITH THE BOHR ATOMIC MODEL
12. How did Anton Lavoisier contribute to the science of Chemistry?
HE WAS THE “FATHER OF MODERN CHEMISTRY.” HE WAS METICULOUS IN WEIGHING,
MEASURING, AND RECORDING ALL OF HIS EXPERIMENTS
13. Explain the Law of Conservation of Mass.


STATES THAT MASS IS NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED IN ANY ORDINARY CHEMICAL REACTION.
OR MORE SIMPLY, THE MASS OF SUBSTANCES PRODUCED (PRODUCTS) BY A CHEMICAL REACTION IS
ALWAYS EQUAL TO THE MASS OF THE REACTING SUBSTANCES (REACTANTS).
14. List the four points of John Dalton’s Atomic Theory.
1) ALL MATTER IS MADE OF ATOMS. ATOMS ARE INDIVISIBLE AND INDESTRUCTIBLE.
2) ALL ATOMS OF A GIVEN ELEMENT ARE IDENTICAL IN MASS AND PROPERTIES
3) COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED BY A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ATOMS.
4) A CHEMICAL REACTION IS A REARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS.
15. Fill in the following chart about laws, theories, models and observations.
Law
A LAW IS A CONCISE SUMMARY OF A LARGE NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS
OR EXPERIMENTS
Theory
A SCIENTIFIC THEORY IS A WELL TESTED EXPLANATION OF WHY
SOMETHING HAPPENS
Model
A REPRESENTATION OF AN OBJECT OR SYSTEM
Name: ____________________________
Observation
CONSISTS OF RECEIVING KNOWLEDGE OF THE OUTSIDE WORLD THROUGH
OUR SENSES, OR RECORDING INFORMATION USING SCIENTIFIC TOOLS AND
INSTRUMENTS.
Topic 4 – Classifying Elements
16. Fill in the following chart with details about metals, non-metals and metalloids. Include their
location on the periodic table.
Metals
MOST ELEMENTS ARE METALS. THEY ARE USUALLY SHINY, VERY DENSE,
AND ONLY MELT AT HIGH TEMPERATURES. THEIR SHAPE CAN BE EASILY
CHANGED INTO THIN WIRES OR SHEETS WITHOUT BREAKING. METALS
WILL CORRODE, GRADUALLY WEARING AWAY, LIKE RUSTING IRON. HEAT
AND ELECTRICITY TRAVEL EASILY THROUGH METALS
 LEFT HAND SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Non-metals
NONMETALS, ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, ARE VERY
DIFFERENT FROM METALS. THEIR SURFACE IS DULL AND THEY DON’T
CONDUCT HEAT AND ELECTRICITY. AS COMPARED TO METALS, THEY HAVE
LOW DENSITY AND WILL MELT AT LOW TEMPERATURES. THE SHAPE OF
NONMETALS CANNOT BE CHANGED EASILY BECAUSE THEY ARE BRITTLE
AND WILL BREAK.
 RIGHT HAND SIDE OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Metalloids
ELEMENTS THAT HAVE PROPERTIES OF BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS
ARE CALLED METALLOIDS. THEY CAN BE SHINY OR DULL AND THEIR SHAPE
IS EASILY CHANGED. ELECTRICITY AND HEAT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH
METALLOIDS BUT NOT AS EASILY AS THEY TRAVEL THROUGH METALS.
 FOUND ALONG THE “STAIRCASE” SEPARATING METALS FROM
NON-METALS
17. List the four Chemical Families that we have talked about, give their location on the periodic table,
and list some information about each.
ALKALI
THE ALKALI METALS MAKE UP GROUP 1 OF THE TABLE, AND COMPRISE LI
THROUGH FR. THEY HAVE VERY SIMILAR BEHAVIOR AND
CHARACTERISTICS. HYDROGEN IS GROUP 1 BUT EXHIBITS FEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF A METAL AND IS OFTEN CATEGORIZED WITH THE
NONMETALS.
ALKALINE EARTH
THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS MAKE UP GROUP 2 OF THE PERIODIC TABLE,
FROM BE THROUGH RA. THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS HAVE VERY HIGH
MELTING POINTS AND OXIDES THAT HAVE BASIC ALKALINE SOLUTIONS.
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ARE WELL DESCRIBED AND CONSISTENT DOWN
THE GROUP.
HALOGENS
THE HALOGEN ELEMENTS ARE A SUBSET OF THE NONMETALS. THEY
COMPRISE GROUP 17 OF THE PERIODIC TABLE, FROM F THROUGH AT.
THEY GENERALLY VERY CHEMICALLY REACTIVE AND ARE PRESENT IN THE
ENVIRONMENT AS COMPOUNDS RATHER THAN AS PURE ELEMENTS.
Name: ____________________________
NOBEL GASES
THE NOBLE GASES COMPRISE GROUP 18. THEY ARE GENERALLY VERY
STABLE CHEMICALLY AND EXHIBIT SIMILAR PROPERTIES OF BEING
COLORLESS AND ODORLESS.
Topic 5 – The Periodic Table
18. Who is the Russian Chemist who developed the Periodic Table of Elements?
MENDELEEV
19. Are vertical columns called groups or periods? GROUP
20. Are horizontal rows called groups or periods? PERIOD
21. On the Periodic table, how can you determine the number of protons?
ATOMIC #
22. On the Periodic table, how can you determine the number of neutrons?
ATOMIC MASS – ATOMIC #
23. On the Periodic table, how can you determine the number of electrons?
ATOMIC #
10. Rationalize why there are an equal number of protons and electrons in the atom.
25. Where are protons and neutrons found in the atom? NUCLEUS
Topic 6 – Chemical Compounds
26. What are the two main differences between ionic and molecular compounds? (what they do with
electrons, what they are made up of)
Ionic
1. CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS (MADE OF IONS)
2. HIGH MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
3. CONDUCT ELECTRICITY WHEN MELTED
4. MADE OF METAL + NON-METAL
Molecular
1. GASES, LIQUIDS, OR SOLIDS
2. LOW MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
3. POOR ELECTRICAL CONDUCTORS IN ALL PHASES
4. MADE OF 2 OR MORE NON-METALS
Name: ____________________________
27. Create a table/flowchart/concept map below that will help recognize the chemical formulas and
differences between ionic and molecular compounds?
28. Fill in the following chart with at least 3 different properties of ionic and molecular compounds.
Ionic
SOLIDS
METAL + NON-METAL
CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
Molecular
SOLID, LIQUID OR GAS
TWO OR MORE NON METALS
DOES NOE CONDUCT ELECTRICITY
Topic 7 – Chemical Reactions
29. What is the difference between a reactant and a product?
THE STARTING CHEMICALS (EX: HYDROGEN GAS AND OXYGEN GAS) ARE CALLED THE
REACTANTS AND THE FINISHING CHEMICALS THE PRODUCTS (EX: WATER)
30. What are four indications that a chemical reaction has occurred?
1) FORMATION OF A GAS FROM TWO LIQUIDS OR A LIQUID AND A SOLID.
2) FORMATION OF A SOLID (PRECIPITATE) FROM TWO LIQUIDS OR A GAS AND A LIQUID.
3) UNEXPECTED COLOR CHANGE. FOR EXAMPLE, MIXING TWO COLORLESS LIQUIDS AND
OBTAINING A COLOR IS AN UNEXPECTED COLOR CHANGE BUT MIXING A BLUE LIQUID AND
YELLOW LIQUID AND OBTAINING A GREEN LIQUID IS NOT AN UNEXPECTED COLOR CHANGE.
4) CHANGE IN ODOUR
31. What is the difference between a word equation and a chemical equation?
WORD EQUATION: SHOWING WHAT HAPPENS USING WORDS
MAGNESIUM + OXYGEN = MAGNESIUM OXIDE
CHEMICAL EQUATION: USES CHEMICAL FORMULAE, NOT WORDS, AND IS BALANCED EACH SIDE
2MG + O2 = 2MGO
Name: ____________________________
32. Is energy absorbed or released when bonds are broken? ABSORBED
33. Is energy absorbed or released when bonds are formed? RELEASED
34. What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?
* EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS GIVE HEAT OFF TO THEIR SURROUNDINGS.
* ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS DRAW IN ENERGY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT, CAUSING IT TO LOOSE
HEAT, OR "COOL DOWN."
36. 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 is the chemical equation for what daily process? CELLULAR
RESPIRATION
Topic 8 – Reaction Rates
37. Explain the four ways to speed up reaction rates. Include why each way works.
INCREASE
A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF REACTANTS LEADS TO MORE EFFECTIVE
CONCENTRATION COLLISIONS PER UNIT TIME, WHICH LEADS TO AN INCREASING REACTION
RATE
INCREASE
AN INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE IS ACCOMPANIED BY AN INCREASE IN THE
TEMPERATURE
REACTION RATE. HIGHER TEMPERATURE IMPLIES A HIGHER NUMBER OF
REACTANT COLLISIONS OVER TIME.
CATALYST
A SUBSTANCE THAT INCREASES THE RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION
WITHOUT ITSELF UNDERGOING ANY PERMANENT CHEMICAL CHANGE.
INCREASE
SURFACE AREA
THE MORE FINELY DIVIDED THE SOLID IS, THE FASTER THE REACTION
HAPPENS. A POWDERED SOLID WILL NORMALLY PRODUCE A FASTER
REACTION THAN IF THE SAME MASS IS PRESENT AS A SINGLE LUMP. THE
POWDERED SOLID HAS A GREATER SURFACE AREA THAN THE SINGLE
LUMP.
38. What are catalysts in your body called? ENZYMES
39. What are inhibitors and what do they do? Give an example of when inhibitors are used in life.
A SUBSTANCE THAT SLOWS DOWN OR PREVENTS A PARTICULAR CHEMICAL REACTION OR OTHER
PROCESS. EXAMPLE: PLANTS HAVE INHIBITORS SO THEY DO NOT GERMINATE BEFORE THEY HAVE A
PROPER, NUTRIENT RICH ENVIRONMENT
40. What is corrosion?
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of material, usually metals, by chemical reaction with its
ENVIRONMENT. IN THE MOST COMMON USE OF THE WORD, THIS MEANS THE BREAK DOWN OF
METALS IN A REACTION WITH OXYGEN.
Name: ____________________________
41. How can corrosion be prevented? What electrochemical process is involved?



TO PREVENT METAL CORROSION ON A CAR OR TRUCK, APPLY A THIN COATING OF PAINT
GALVANIZING ALSO PROVIDES METAL CORROSION PROTECTION. THIS IS THE PROCESS OF GIVING A THIN
COATING OF ZINC BY IMMERSING THE OBJECT IN A BATH PRIMARILY COMPOSED OF MOLTEN ZINC.
GALVANIZING IS AN EFFICIENT WAY TO PROTECT STEEL BECAUSE EVEN IF THE SURFACE IS SCRATCHED,
THE ZINC STILL PROTECTS THE UNDERLYING LAYER. THIS PROCESS IS WIDELY USED BY THE AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY.
ELECTROPLATING = THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS
42. What is combustion?


THE PROCESS OF BURNING SOMETHING
RAPID CHEMICAL COMBINATION OF A SUBSTANCE WITH OXYGEN, PRODUCING HEAT, CARBON
DIOXIDE, AND WATER
43. What are the products of combustion? HEAT, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND WATER
Ionic Bonding Practice
Fill in the following chart.
Chemical Formula
Chemical Name
1.
Li3N
Lithium nitride
2.
BeO
Beryllium oxide
3.
Rb2Se
Rubidium selendie
4.
ScP
Scandium phophide
5.
CaF2
Calcium fluoride
6.
AuI3
Gold (III) Iodide
7.
Pb(ClO2)2
Lead chlorate
8.
MnBr2
Manganese (IV) bromide
Ba(MnO4)2
Barium permanganate
Ra3N2
Radium nitride
9.
10.
Name: ____________________________
Molecular Bonding Practice #2
11.
Dicarbon tetrafluoride
C2F4
12.
Trinitrogen dioxide
N3O2
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
P50
Pentaphosphorous monochloride
BBr3
Boron tribromide
Se4I2
Tetraselenium diiodide
N2F5
Dinitorgen pentafluoride
Si4P2
Tetrasilicon diphosphide
As5N4
Pentarsenic tetranitride
P2S3
Diphosphorous trisulfide
S3Cl3
Trisulfur trichloride
Combined Bonding Practice
Fill in the following chart.
Ionic or
Molecular
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Chemical Formula
Chemical Name
I
MgCl2
Magnesium chloride
M
P2Cl4
Diphosphorus tetrachloride
I
K 2S
Potassium sulfide
M
C4O
Tetracarbon monoxide
M
N 3F 2
Trinitrogen difluoride
M
As5At2
Pentarsenic diaslatide
I
Mn3(PO4)2
Manganese (II) phosphate
ZnI2
Zinc iodide
Name: ____________________________
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
M
C 2N 3
Dicarbon trinitride
I
Co3(BO3)2
Cobalt borate
M
S5Cl5
Pentasulfur pentachloride
I
MnS2
Manganese (IV) sulfide
M
BF4
Boron tetrafluoride
M
P3I
Triphosphorus monoiodide
I
Pt3P2
Platinum phosphide
M
Se2F
Diselenium monofluoride
I
CuS2O3
Copper thiosulphate
I
CsI
Cesium iodide
I
V2(CO3)5
Vanadium (V) carbonate
M
Te5Br3
Pentatellurium tribromide
Studying ideas:
1) Make flashcards of different vocabulary or concepts
2) Make concept maps like the ones given out at the beginning of the unit (but expand
with details)
3) Create flowcharts for anything that can be seen as a process (how to name/write
formulas for ionic and molecular bonds)
4) Create tables to visually sort out differences between things like bonding,
metals/nonmetals/metalloids etc.