The Middle and Southern Colonies
advertisement
The Middle and Southern Colonies The Middle Colonies New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware New Netherland Becomes New York New Netherland settled by the Dutch in 1624 The Dutch West India company used the patroon system to attract settlers A patroon is a person who received land as a reward for bringing 50 settlers to New Netherland New Netherland Becomes New York Puritans, Jews, and Africans slaves were among those who lived in New Netherland Colony’s governor was Peter Stuyvesant. New Netherland Becomes New York English saw Dutch control of New Netherlands as a threat because: Closeness to other colonies Threat to English trade Duke of York, brother of King Charles II, drove the Dutch out by surrounding the city of New Amsterdam (New York) New Netherland became New York , a proprietary colony. The Duke was the proprietor, or owner. New Jersey Given to Sir George Carteret and Lord John Berkeley by their friend the Duke of York Promised religious freedom, large land grants, and a representative assembly. Pennsylvania William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, was given the land by King Charles II due to a debt owed to his family. Founded for Quakers Promised religious freedom and equality for all Penn’s policies made Pennsylvania one the wealthiest colonies Delaware Originally the three lower counties of Pennsylvania. They broke away to form the colony of Delaware A Wealth of Resources Longer growing season and rich soil made the growing of cash crops, or crops raised to be sold for money, a common source of income. Diversity Dutch and German farmers brought advanced agricultural methods Skills, knowledge, and hard work soon led to an abundance of foods The Importance of Mills Gristmills were used to crush grain between two heavy stones to produce flour or meal. Mills were powered by humans, animals, or rivers Middle colonies had many rivers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hg L0HluK5ig The Growth of Cities in the Middle Colonies Harbors along the coast gave birth to cities New York City grew up at the mouth of the Hudson River Philadelphia grew up at the mouth of the Delaware River Exported cash crops and imported manufactured goods from Europe Germans in the Middle Colonies Largest of group of non-English immigrants Many came as indentured servants fleeing religious intolerance Strong tradition of craftsmanship brought many artisans, or craftspeople to the Middle Colonies Germans in the Middle Colonies Conestoga wagons were built to carry produce to town Wide wheels suitable for dirt roads Canvas covers offer protection Religious Tolerance Middle colonies much more tolerant of other faiths than in New England Dutch of New York and Quakers of Pennsylvania both practiced religious tolerance Quakers were anti-slavery and opposed to cruel treatment of Native Americans Quakers insisted on equality of men and women Example: Quaker women served as preachers The Southern Colonies Maryland Virginia North Carolina South Carolina Georgia Maryland Founded by Lord Baltimore in 1632 as a refuge for Roman Catholics Promised religious freedom and passed the Toleration Act in 1649. Economy based on tobacco and slaves The Carolinas Carolina founded in 1663 City of Charleston became a refuge for Huguenots Grew rice and indigo, which created a need for slave labor Used enslaved Africans and local Native Americans were bought and sold as well The Carolinas Colonists overthrew proprietary rule, so it became a royal colony, or ruled by governors appointed by the king, in 1729. Split into North Carolina and South Carolina Georgia Founded by James Oglethorpe Filled with convicts who were imprisoned for owing taxes Sentences were forgiven in exchange for going to colony to work The Plantation Economy Almost year-round growing season and rich soil Plantation farming became a way of life Created a demand for slave labor The Plantation Economy Plantations were selfsufficient Made or produced almost everything they needed Because of this, large cities like those in the North were rare – Charles Town was the exception The Turn To Slavery Plantations Expand Decrease in the use of indentured servants More Africans brought into the Southern colonies Spread of plantations growing mainly rice and indigo The Planter Class Term used to describe the VERY wealthy Very few owned the majority of the land Owned LOTS of slaves to work the land Controlled all of the political and economic power This situation remained until the Civil War Life Under Slavery Slaves worked in groups under the supervision of overseers – men hired to watch over and direct the work of slaves Usually worked 15 hours a day. Whipped by the overseer if they seemed they weren’t working hard enough Life Under Slavery Lived in small, one-room cabins furnished only with sleeping cots Give very little to eat Example: ¼ bushel of corn and 1 pound of pork per week Some could raise their own gardens Resistance to Slavery Subtle Resistance Working slowly Damaging owner’s property Doing things the wrong way purposefully Not-so-subtle resistance Slave Revolts Example: Stono Rebellion Effects of Slave Rebellions 1. 2. Slaves forbidden to leave plantations without permission Illegal for slaves to meet with free blacks The Backcountry Appalachian mountains run from eastern Canada south to Alabama Backcountry Settlers Some made living by trading with Native Americans Springs and streams provided water and forests provided wood for log cabins and fences Paid for goods with deerskins. One buckskin was called a ……………….. Backcountry Homes Filled holes with mud, grass, and clay Sawed out doors and windows Paper smeared with animal fat to cover their windows The Scots - Irish Came from borderland between Scotland and England Persecution, poverty, and crop failure Clans, or large groups of families, of Scots-Irish came by the 1000s Backcountry Life “She is a very civil women and shows nothing of ruggedness or Immodesty in her carriage, yett she will carry a gunn in the woods and kill deer, turkeys, etc., shoot doun wild cattle, catch and tye hoggs, knock down cattle with an ax and perform the most manfull Exercises.”
