A sentence is a group of words which makes a complete sense.
There are four kinds of sentences
1.
Declarative or Assertive Sentences a.
Life is not a bed of roses. b.
I consider him to be extremely fortunate. c.
The storm damaged the roof.
2.
Interrogative Sentences a.
What are you doing? b.
Have you been to Karachi? c.
Does he have a car?
3.
Imperative Sentences a.
Shut up! b.
Bring me a glass of water. c.
Open the window. d.
Shut the door.
4.
Exclamatory Sentences a.
Wow! b.
What a car! c.
How sweet of you! d.
What a beautiful weather!

Noun is the name of a person, place or thing.

Alia works hard.
 Mohammad likes sports

Karachi is the biggest city of Pakistan.
There are four kinds of nouns in English.
1.
Common Nouns: dog, table, man
2.
Proper Noun: Ahmed, Alia, Waheed, France, Kech
3.
Abstract Nouns: charity, beauty, fear, courage, joy
4.
Collective Nouns: team, crowd, flock, group

A common noun is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or kind.
girl, man, book, chair, house maid

A proper noun is the name of some particular person or place. Proper means one’s own. Hence a proper name is a person’s own name. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter.
Asim, Canada, Quetta, Sultana

A collective noun is the name of a number (or collection) of persons or things taken together and spoken as one whole.
crowd, team, flock, army, fleet, crew, nation, family o A fleet: Collection of ships. o An army: Collection of soldiers o A crew: Collection of sailors o A crowd: Collection of people.

Abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action, or state. o Quality: goodness, kindness, whiteness, darkness, hardness, brightness, honesty, wisdom.
1.
Long: Length a.
She has to go a long way. b.
The rope was sixteen feet in length.
2.
Young: Youth a.
He is too young to participate in weight lifting competition. b.
He died in his youth.

3.
Humble: Humility a.
It was his humble request to provide him with a marker. b.
He showed deep humility in his attitude.
4.
True: Truth a.
That is true. b.
Truth is beautiful.
5.
Decent: Decency a.
He is very decent man. b.
She always shows decency in her approach.
6.
Cruel: Cruelty a.
He is a cruel king. b.
Cruelty is part of her nature.
7.
Bitter: Bitterness a.
Truth is bitter. b.
The bitterness of his words hurt his brother.
8.
Strong: Strength a.
This is a strong rope. b.
The strength of this class is not satisfactory.
9.
Wide: Width a.
English has a wide fame all over the world. b.
The width of this room is six feet.
10.
Short: Shortness a.
Katherine is a short story writer. b.
He was rejected due to the shortness of his height.
11.
High: Height a.
The mountain is very high. b.
The height of this wall is nine feet.
12.
Dark: Darkness a.
The room is dark. b.
I do not want to go in the darkness.
13.
Deep: Depth a.
The well is deep. b.
I am thankful from the depth of my heart.
14.
Wise: Wisdom a.
He is a wise man. b.
Hi wisdom won him a good fame.
15.
Good: Goodness a.
She is good at English. b.
Do not leave the goodness of your heart.
16.
Vacant: Vacancy a.
There are many posts lying vacant at college. b.
There is a vacancy in newspaper for plumber.

17.
Sweet: Sweetness a.
Sugar is sweet. b.
It was sweetness of his behavior that attracted her.
18.
Human: Humanity a.
He is not a good human being. b.
There is no humanity left in him.
19.
Broad: Breadth a.
She is broad minded. b.
The breadth of this cloth is thirty-six inches.
20.
Free: Freedom a.
I am free at this time. b.
Too much freedom spoils children.
21.
Proud: Pride a.
Do not be proud of your wealth. b.
He is the pride of the nation.
22.
Brave: Bravery a.
He is a brave man. b.
He is famous for his bravery.
23.
Novel: Novelty a.
It is not a novel thing for me. b.
We cannot challenge the novelty at his ideas.
24.
Quick: Quickness a.
Be quick! b.
Show some quickness.
25.
Poor: poorness a.
They are poor. b.
He suffered because of his poorness.
26.
Just: justice a.
He is a just man. b.
He did not justice to the food and ate a lot.
27.
Vain: Vanity (self conceit) a.
My efforts were in vain that I wanted to change her behavior. b.
Vanity is one of the characteristics of his attitude.
28.
Sane: Sanity a.
He is a sane character. b.
He is not sane but shows sanity.
29.
Ignorant: Ignorance a.
They are ignorant about the truth behind the murder. b.
For how long one can keep him in ignorance?
30.
Prude: Prudence a.
She is not very wealthy but she is prude and shows herself off all the time. b.
She is famous for her prudence.

1.
Laugh: Laughter
2.
Obey: Obedience
3.
Live: Life
4.
Expect: Expectation
5.
Hate: Hatred
6.
Please: Pleasure
7.
Starve: Starvation
8.
Choose: Choice
9.
Conceal: Concealment
10.
Flatter: Flattery
11.
Preserve: Preservance
12.
Think: Thought
13.
Advise: Advice
14.
Die: Death
15.
Free: Freedom
16.
Judge: Judgment
17.
Relieve: Relief
18.
Discover: Discovery
19.
Excel: Excellence
20.
Know: Knowledge
21.
Steal: Stealth
22.
Believe: Belief
23.
Serve: Service
24.
Act: Action
25.
Occupy: Occupation
26.
Move: Movement
27.
Seize: Seizure
28.
Depart: Departure
29.
Defend: Defense
30.
Protect: Protection
31.
Punish: Punishment
32.
Succeed: Success
33.
See: Sight
34.
Pursue: Pursuit
35.
Converse: Conversation
1.
King: Kingship
2.
Man: Manhood
3.
Thief: Theft
4.
Woman: Womanhood
5.
Bankrupt: Bankruptcy
6.
Owner: Ownership
7.
Rogue: Roguery
8.
Author: Authorship
9.
Mother: Motherhood
10.
Pilgrim: Pilgrimage
11.
Captain: Captaincy
12.
Patriot: Patriotism
A noun either can be COUNTABLE or UNCOUNTABLE.
13.
Infant: Infancy
14.
Agent: Agency
15.
Hero: Heroism
16.
Beggar: Beggary
17.
Coward: Cowardice
18.
Priest: Priesthood
19.
Boy: Boyhood
20.
Bond: Bondage
21.
Pirate: Piracy
22.
Friend: Friendship
23.
Rascal: Rascality
24.
Glutton: Gluttony
Those nouns which can have the word a/an before them or be used in the plural form.
Pen, chair, book, man, boy, dog, children, cat, orange, umbrella.

A pen. 2. An apple. 3. A Chair. 4. Books. 5. Cats.

Those nouns which cannot have a/an before them or cannot be used plural form.
Oil, milk, water, air, hair, rice, sand.
 Some nouns in English are normally uncountable in many other languages they are countable.
Housework, jewelry, accommodation, luggage, baggage, applause, assistance, cash, clothing, conduct, courage, cutlery, dirt, employment, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, health, information, luck, machinery, money, mud, music, news, pay, permission, poetry, pollution, progress, publicity, research, rubbish, shopping, transport, violence, weather, work, scenery.

Sometimes a noun is used uncountably, when we are talking about the whole substance or idea but countably when we are talking about ; o Recognized containers for things.
 I prefer tea to coffee.
 Three teas (= cups of tea), please.
 She has blonde hair.
 There’s a hair in my soup!
 The statue was made of stone
 I had a stone in my shoe.
 When we want to give more specific information about someone or something, we sometimes use a noun in front of another noun. For example, we can use noun+noun combination to say what something is made of, where something is, when something happens, or what someone does. o Rice pudding, a glass house, the kitchen cupboard, hill flag, a night flight, a morning call, a language teacher, a window cleaner, et.

We sometimes make compound nouns which consist of more than two nouns; o A milk chocolate bar, an air traffic controller, a dinner-party conversation.
 Some compound nouns are usually as one word, e.g. (a table cloth), some as separate words (a waste paper) and others hyphen ( a word-processor).

Some compound nouns can be written in more than one of these ways, e.g. (a golf course, or golf-course) o Examples:
 An address book. ( = a book of addresses; not an addresses book)
 A car parking .(= a place for parking cars; not a cars park)
 A clothes shop.
 A glasses case. (= for spectacles)
 A customs officer.
 The arms trade.
 A communication network.
 A savings account.


To make a compound noun plural we usually make the second noun plural. o Coal mine/ Coal mines o Officer worker/ Office workers o Tea leaf/ Tea leaves

However, in compound nouns that consist of two nouns joined by of or in, we make a plural form by making the first noun plural. o Bird of prey/Birds of prey o Commander-in-chief/ Commanders-in-chief o Ten-minute speech. o A five-year-old child.

o A living room, drinking water (water used for drinking), (a pack of) playing cars, chewing gum, a dressing gown, a dressing table, a dining room, a working party, a turning-party

o
Fly-fishing, film-making, sunbathing, risk-taking
o A book shelf. o A goods train. o A pencil case. o A two-hour film. o A toy shop. o The content page. o A four page essay. o A human rights issue.
 Sometimes a noun+noun is not appropriate and instead we use noun + ‘s + noun (possessive form) or noun + Preposition + noun. o A baby’s bedroom. o A lion’s den. o A women’s clinic. o Goat’s cheese. o Duck’s eggs. o Cow’s milk. o A woman’s face. o A boy’s arm. o A whale’s tail. o A giraff’s neck.

But o A pen top. o A computer keyboard. o The window frame. o A cup of tea (= a cup with tea in it). o A tea cup (= a cup for drinking tea). o A box of matches (= a box with matches in).
 To make the Possessive form of nouns in writing, we add ‘s (apostrophe s’) to singular nouns and to irregular plurals that don not end in –s:

Aslam’s car

The college’s administrators

The women’s university
 and add ‘ (an apostrophe) to irregular plurals

The boys’ football boots.

The companies’ problems.

Ireland’s beauty (the beauty of Ireland).
 The company’s policy (the policy of company).
 Jawad’s illness.

Almas’ notebook. Or

Almas’s notebook.
 Students’ chairs.

Children’s clothes.