AKANE WANG
SHIOU AN LIANG
EMIRI MIZUO
KOSOVO FACTS:
Capital – Pristina
Ethnic Composition –
• 92% Albanians
• 8% Sebs, Bosniaks, Gorani,
Roma, Turks, Ashkali,
Balkan Egyptians
Official Languages –
• Albanian
• Serbian
POST WORLD WAR 2
1946
• Kosovo
absorbed into
Yugoslav
Federation
• Kosovo:
autonomous
province in
Serbia
1948
• Tito-Stalin Split
1968
• Student
demonstarations
1974
• Yugoslav
constitution
recognizes
autonomous
status of Kosovo
• Kosovo Serbian
Population<10%
1981
• KosovoAlbanians
demands for a
Republic status
1987
• Anti-Bureaucratic
revolution
• overthrew
governments in
the Serbian
autonomous
provinces of
Kosovo
SLOBODAN MILOSEVIC
1990
• Kosovo’s
autonomy taken
away
• Human right
abuses towards
towards KosovoAlbanians grow
1991
• Yugoslav Wars
• Slovenia, Bosnia
and Croatia
declare
independence
• Kosovo wants
independence
LDK
• Democratic
league of Kosovo
LDK & RUGOVA
LDK led by Rugova:
appealing to the international community through NON-VIOLENT
acts
 BUT Rugova’s non violent policies FAILED to win recognition at
the Dayton Agreement
KOSOVO LIBERATION ARMY
(KLA)
1995
• Killing of Serb
police man
1997
• Gain arms and
ammunition
1991
• Arrest of Adem
Jashari
THE BEGINNING
Turning Point!  March 5th 1998, KLA Launched attack at Drenica
Valley.
1998 March
Clinton Administration:
“we believe that in 1991, the internatio
nal community stood by and watched
ethnic cleansing in Bosnia.. We don’t
want that to happen again this time”
REACTION OF SECURITY COUNCIL
UNSC resolution 1160:
• CHAPTER VII: “Threat to international peace and security”
Russia & China
Rest of the member
Russia: Internal affair of the FRY. Clear threat to peace and
human rights in the Balkans
China: Intervention “without a
request from the country
concerned may set a bad
precedent and have wider
negative implications.”
NATO REACTION
Turning Point! Serbian attack on Decani (May 1998)
• -100,000 refugees fleeing Decani shocked Blair Administration
NATO: difficulties of going in
• Do not want to support KLA’s attack against the Serbs
• The scale of Serbian counterattack was too big
• Will have to act without explicit SC authorization
UN Resolution 1199 (September1998)
• Demanded a FRY and KLA ceasefire
• Legally binding under Chapter 7
• not backed with military actions or sanctions
Russia & China
Britain & US
Russia: Risk of destabilizing
the Balkan region
Wanted a stronger resolution
than 1199
China (abstained):
• not a threat to international pe
ace and security.
• Resolution invoked Chapter VI
I to threaten the FRY
NATO ACTIVATION
Turning Point! 
Report of mass
killings (Oct. 5, 1998)
• Russian opposition
to intervene
Oct. 13: NATO issued an
activation order for air strikes
without SC authorization
• Justified by existing Security
Council Resolution
• ILLEGAL
OCTOBER AGREEMENT
ceasefire, Serbian forces to
withdraw
Milosevic and
Holbrooke’s
agreement
Kosovo remain part of FRY
with autonomy
・1700 inspectors from OSCE
entered the country.
・Unarmed NATO planes to
watch over the area
RESOLUTION 1203:
demanded FRY to comply with the previous resolution and
cooperate with the NATO and OSCE verification mission
RAMBOUILLET AND PARIS
NEGOTIATION’S FAILURE
Turning Point! :
KLA continued to attack, massacre of Racak
(January 15, 1999)
1. Rambouillet talk: failed
• A three-year transitional period
• Substantial autonomy, own police force, jurisdiction, and assembly.
• Limited FRY security and NATO led international force.
2. Paris talk: failed
NATO ACTION
March 15th
new ethnic
cleansing
campaign by the
Serbs
March 23rd
NATO launched
air strike against
Milosevic regime
NATO AIRSTRIKE: FOUR
JUSTIFICATION
2 MAIN REASON OF USING
AIR FORCE
Avoid Risk of
Deploying
Ground
Troops
Effective in
Bosnia Case
BUT….
This accelerated the killings in Kosovo
NATO: Military targets to infrastructural targets
Consequence: Civilian casualties among the Serbs
END OF WAR
June 3rd EU-Russia Peace plan implemented
• 3 reasons:
• Terms: withdraw of all Serb forces; deployment of NATO led multinational
force KFOR.
NATO ACTION – FAIL POINTS
1. Prevention is better than solution
2. Negotiated with FRY with unacceptable terms
3. The choice of means
4. Failed to protect Serbians in Kosovo after the war
CURRENT SITUATION
2008
2013
Kosovo declares
independence
Deal – grants
autonomy to Serb
majority areas
90 countries
approve
Belgrade would ‘never
recognize Kosovo’s
independence’
Serbia disapprove
EVALUATION
Supreme humanitarian emergency
5
Necessity/ Last resort
4
Positive humanitarian outcome
3
Proportionality
2
Humanitarian Motive
4
Humanitarian justification
5
Legality
1
Selectivity
2
REFERENCES