The End of
Empire
Mr. Ermer
World History AP
Miami Beach Senior High
India
 After

WWII, Asian nations seek independence
Winston Churchill suspends self-rule initiatives
 Succeeded
by Labor PM Clement Attlee
 Attlee more inclined toward dismantling empire
 As
India moves closer toward independence,
communalism on the rise

Communalism stresses religious rather than national
identity (Great Calcutta Killing)
 Nehru
and Gandhi against partition of India
 August 15, 1947: India and Pakistan created, freed



Gandhi predicts “rivers of blood,” refugees migrate
Rivalries build between the two states
Indian independence inspires movements elsewhere
 Nonaligned
War
Movement: resists picking sides in Cold
1947: Partition of British India
Vietnam
 Vietnam


The United States supported French claim to colonies
Vietnamese Nationalist leader, Ho Chi Minh, leads
communist Viet Minh against France
 Issues


Vietnamese Declaration of Independence
China sends military aid to Viet Minh
1954: Viet Minh defeat French at Dienbienphu
 The

fights post-war France for independence
Geneva Conference
Partitioning of Vietnam along seventeenth parallel
 North
Vietnam: Communist with capital at Hanoi
 South Vietnam: non-communist with capital at Saigon

Ngo Dinh Diem: president of South Vietnam with U.S. support



Diem’s cruel rule unpopular among Vietnamese in south
1960: National Liberation Front (NLF) fights against Diem’s forces
Buddhists practice self-immolation
French Indochina
War in Vietnam
 Dwight

D. Eisenhower applies Domino Theory
Kennedy also applies theory, increases aid to Diem
 President

Johnson increases direct U.S. involvement
Fight NLF “Viet Cong” in south, bomb the north
 Ho
Chi Minh patiently fights against foreign
influence—war of attrition


Support for war declines in the U.S.
President Nixon calls for vietnamization
 Replacing
of American forces with South Vietnamese
 Opens dialogue with Soviets and Chinese
 1973:
Paris Peace Accords
 Northern forces defeat the South in 1975
 Reunification of Vietnam in 1976
Israel/Palestine

Under mandate system, British made conflicting promises
to Palestinian Arabs and Jewish migrants

1917: Zionist Balfour Declaration lends British support
European Jews seek homeland, protection
 Zionism gains steam across Europe
 Britain allows migration of settler Jews to Palestine


British limit Jewish migration to Palestine


Pan-Arab Nationalism grows in opposition to Zionism



Promise to protect Palestinian rights
After Holocaust, Zionist commitment increases in Jews
1945: Violent Jewish resistance to Palestinian and British
rule—King David Hotel bombing of 1946
1947: Britain hands Palestine over to United Nations

Partition of Palestine into two states, Jewish and Arab


Civil War erupts, Palestinians see partition as unacceptable
1948: Jewish forces proclaim creation of State of Israel

Series of conflicts helps Israel expand territory
Egypt
 Egypt
leads Arab world against Israel
 1952: Egyptian military ousts King Farouk

Gamal Abdel Nasser and Egyptian military in power
 Eschew
democracy and constitutional government
 Suppress communists and Muslim Brotherhood
 1954:

Nasser names self prime-minister
Militarization and industrialization
 Nasser

sees Cold War alliances as new imperialism
Joins Nehru’s nonaligned movement
 Condemns
Baghdad Pact
 Gets assistance from both U.S. and Soviets



Sends aid to Algerians fighting French
Opposes Israel as a settler colony of Europeans
Abolished British military control of Suez Canal
Africa

1954: French begin to fight for control of Algeria


1954-1960: Most other French African colonies freed
French fight the Front de Libération Nationale (FNL)



1962: Algeria gains independence, Frantz Fanon writes
1960: The Year of Africa


African elites form cultural and political institutions
1957: Ghana gains independence from Britain

Kwame Nkrumah becomes leader, African symbol



1955: FNL moves into urban areas, France sends troops
Non-violence and mass action
Kenya fights for independence, bloody conflict
South Africa’s apartheid regime

1948: Afrikaner National Party comes to power
Creates racially segregated society
 African National Congress fights for equality
 1989: F. W. de Klerk negotiates transition with Nelson
Mandela

Communist China
 Mao

Zedong’s CCP reunifies China
China emulates Soviet style Five Year Plans in 1955
 Build
infrastructure and heavy industry
 Collectivization of agricultural lands
 Women’s rights

The Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
 Failed
attempt to overtake other economies by
collectivization of entire economy

The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
 Targeted

Many beaten, jailed, killed by young zealots, damages unity
 Deng


teachers, artists, elites, professionals
Xiaoping succeeds Mao in 1981
Opens trade with West, undoes some of Mao’s ideas
Tiananmen Square
Indian Democracy
 1966:



Indira Gandhi is leader of Congress Party
Serves as prime minister 1966-1977, 1980-1984
Institutes Green Revolution
Experiences challenges in keeping India united
 Sectarian
violence
 Out of control birth rates


Government sterilization programs
Amritsar genocide of Sikhs


Gandhi assassinated by Sikh bodyguards in 1984
Rajiv Gandhi takes power in 1985, assassinated in 1991
The Middle East
 1970:

Rise of Islamism and Pan-Arab Nationalism
Many Muslims lament loss of Islamic values, sharia
 Rise
of Pan-Islamic unity, extremism
 Western social norms blamed for decline of Islamic
societies, secularization, political failures


 The


Anger directed toward Europe and the United States
Extremists use concept of jihad to legitimize terrorism
Iranian Revolution
U.S. support of Shah Pahlavi militarizes Iran
Oil money helps Iran industrialize, Islamism on the rise
 Many


Students, small business owners, liberal politicians oppose Shah
Ayatollah Khomeini leads Islamic Revolution in 1979


resent influence of foreign oil companies, gov’ts
Revolution strongly anti-American
Iraq’s Saddam Hussein invades Iran to take advantage
 Iraq-Iran
War lasts until 1988
Argentina
 Transformation

of pampas to farmlands
Controlled by oligarquia with government support
 European
upper-class creates urban culture in
Buenos Aires, support British business

European & American goods make up most
manufactured goods in Argentina, railroads speak
English
 1920s:


Increased ties and trade with US and Europe
Rapid industrialization, prosperity
 Series


Hipolito Irigoyen elected president
of military coups ends with Juan Peron’s rise
At first creates Nazi inspired fascist/military government
After Nazi’s lose, Peron reinvents his politics
 Eva

Duarte Peron’s championing of the descamisados
1946: Perons establish populist dictatorship