The State of Education Series
March 2013
Total enrollments
Net Enrollment Rates (NER)
Pupil/Teacher Ratios
Repetition Rates
Income/Gender/Location Disparities
Lower Secondary Completion
Expenditures on Secondary Education
Acronym Name
EAP
ECA
LAC
East Asia and Pacific
Europe and Central Asia
Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA Middle East and North Africa
SAS
SSA
WLD
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
World (Global Aggregate)
NER Net Enrollment Rate
GDP p.c.
Gross Domestic Product per capita
GNI Gross National Income
NAR
GPI
PTR
PISA
Net Attendance Rate
Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)
Pupil/Teacher Ratio
Programme for International Student Assessment
Over 543 million students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide.
This total is up from
510 million in 2005 and
451 million in 2000.
Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either
EAP or SAS.
38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and
India (20%)
258 million (47.5%) are girls.
Share of Total Secondary
Enrollments by Region (%)
2010
HIC
16,0%
EAP
27,4%
SAS
24,9%
ECA
6,4%
SSA
8,4%
MNA
5,8%
LAC
11,0%
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;
HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.
Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER)
In 2000, just over half
(53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to
62.5% in 2010.
ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around
80%.
Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions.
Continued…
Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.
90
80
70
60
50
20
10
40
30
53,1
54,8
57,1
58,7
61,1
62,5
0
2000
EAP
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:
SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS
Secondary – NER (continued)
EAP has made the most progress between 2000
(55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and 2008.
SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than
20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%.
Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS.
Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
53,1
54,8
57,1
58,7
61,1
62,5
0
2000
EAP
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:
SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS
More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost
90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and
Angola.
25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled.
Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in
SSA.
#10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than
#1 Niger’s NER.
#5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to
17.3% in 2011.
10 Countries with the Lowest
Secondary Net Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1 Niger
2 Angola
10.2
11.5
3 Central African Republic
4 Burundi
5 Mozambique
14.1
16.2
17.3
6 Burkina Faso
7 Madagascar
8 Djibouti
9 Malawi
17.5
23.6
24.2
27.5
10 Eritrea 28.6
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Notes: Figures are most recent year with available data between 2008-2011.
Green = 2008; Blue = 2009; Black = 2010; Purple = 2011. Data were not available for 96 of 214 countries.
These countries have improved their secondary net enrolment rates
(NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011.
Bhutan has more than doubled its
2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in
2011.
Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Secondary Net Enrollment Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999-
2001
NER
Most current
NER
% Improved
1 Bhutan 32.0
21.7
53.8
147.5
2 Syrian Arab Republic 25.2
41.7
67.0
60.5
3 St. Lucia
4
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
5 Dominican Republic
25.0
60.3
85.3
41.4
22.4
67.9
90.4
33.0
22.1
40.2
62.3
55.0
6 Oman
7 Indonesia
21.5
68.2
89.7
31.6
20.6
46.7
67.3
44.1
8 Venezuela, RB 17.5
54.3
71.8
32.2
9 Kenya
10 Ghana
16.0
34.0
50.0
47.0
15.8
32.9
48.7
48.1
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012;
Notes: Black data is for 2001 or 2010; Purple is 2000 or 2011; Blue is 2009; Data were not available for 123 of 214 countries .
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary
NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to
85% (Tajikistan).
All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a
NER over 70% except
Liechtenstein and
Uruguay.
Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are
Swaziland and Angola.
There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates.
100
Norway
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
Suriname
Macao, SAR China
Switzerland,
Qatar,
Luxembourg
20
10
CAR, Burundi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso
Niger
Angola
0
0
R² = 0,1793
20 40 60 80
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012
Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.
Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions.
1,10
Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from
0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in
2010.
ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0).
LAC has consistently had higher female NERs. EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in
2010.
SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time.
SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since
2000.
1,05
1,00
0,95
0,90
0,92
0,85
0,80
0,94
0,95
0,96
Female Bias
Male Bias
0,96 0,96
0,75
WLD
2000
EAP
2002
ECA
2004
LAC
2006
MNA
2008
SAS
2010
SSA
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.
Just over half (52%) of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments.
Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1.
6 countries have perfect gender parity
(1.0): Slovenia,
Mauritius, Swaziland,
Japan, Indonesia, and
Cyprus.
More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs.
1,40
1,30
1,20
1,10
1,00
0,90
0,80
0,70
0,60
0,50
0,40
Male Bias
Female Bias
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012:
Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)
In 9 of 10 countries, the male
GER is much higher than the female GER. In
Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate.
8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in
South Asia and 1 is in MNA.
Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias.
14 of the top 20 are in SSA.
10 Countries with the Largest Gender
Disparities in Secondary Enrolments
(2008-2011)
GPI
Absolute value from 1
1 Chad
2 Afghanistan
3 Central African Republic
4 Congo, Dem. Rep.
5 Guinea
6 Lesotho
7 Yemen, Rep.
0.42
0.51
0.55
0.58
0.59
1.38
0.62
0.58
0.49
0.45
0.42
0.41
0.38
0.38
8 Niger
9 Angola
0.66
0.69
0.34
0.31
10 Mali 0.71
0.29
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010
GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR (2011), and Mali
(2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.
These countries have moved from 0.19 to
0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time.
Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity.
The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to
0.85) toward gender parity.
3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year.
10 Countries with the Most
Improvement Toward Gender
Parity in Secondary Enrollments
Percentage
Points
Improved
2000/
2001
GPI
Most current
GPI
1 Cambodia
2 Sweden
3 St. Lucia
4 Mozambique
5 Senegal
0.34
0.27
0.27
0.23
0.21
0.57
0.90
1.26
0.99
1.26
0.99
0.64
0.87
0.66
0.88
6 Yemen, Rep.
7 India
8 Bhutan
9 Guinea
0.21
0.20
0.19
0.19
0.41
0.62
0.72
0.92
0.85
1.04
0.40
0.59
10 Turkey 0.19
0.73
0.91
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012;
Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;
Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.
Large gender disparities in secondary attendance rates do not exist in any region except SAS. In
LAC, ECA, and MNA, slightly more females attend secondary than males.
Rural/urban location disparities exist in most regions. In LAC and
SSA, location disparities are 20/23 percentage points.
The largest disparities in all regions are associated with income:
There is a 35+ percentage point difference between the top/bottom quintiles in
LAC, SAS, and SSA.
2
The largest disparities in net secondary attendance rates are associated with income.
40
35
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
South Asia (SAS)
% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school
Middle East and North Africa (MNA)
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school
Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
Globally, secondary pupil-teacher ratios
(PTRs) have decreased slightly from 18 pupils per teacher in 1999 to
17 in 2011.
SAS has the highest
PTR in 2011 at 26.4 pupils per teacher. This is a sharp decrease from 34 in 1999.
SSA’s PTR is also consistently higher than most regions over time.
ECA has the fewest students per teacher in
2011 (11.7) followed by
EAP at 16 and LAC at
17.
Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest secondary pupil-teacher ratios.
26
24
22
20
18
16
14
12
34
32
30
28
10
1999
EAP
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
These countries have between 35 and 67 secondary pupils per teacher.
Eight of the 10 countries are in
SSA.
Despite larger class sizes, less than 15% of children are enrolled in secondary education in CAR, Angola, and
Niger.
There are 34 countries with PTRs less than 10. Most are high income countries.
10 Countries with the Highest
Secondary Pupil-Teacher Ratios
(2006-2012)
Pupil-Teacher
Ratio. Secondary
Net Enrolment Rate.
Secondary
1 Central African Rep.
66.8
14.1
2 Malawi
3 Nepal
4 Ethiopia
5 Eritrea
42.1
40.9
40.3
39.5
27.5
-
-
28.6
6 Angola
7 Guinea-Bissau
38.7
37.3
11.5
-
8 Tanzania
9 Philippines
35.2
34.8
-
61.6
10 Niger 34.7
10.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Note: Data is for the most recent available year; Black data are for 2011; Blue = 2010;
Green = 2009; Maroon = 2008; Data were not available for 58 countries.
These countries have decreased their secondary pupilteacher ratios by 7 to
18 students/teacher over time.
After the large decreases, these countries have current
PTRs between 14 and
25 pupils per teacher except Malawi (42) and Eritrea (40).
5 countries increased
PTRs by more than 10 pupils per teacher over time: Nepal,
Tanzania, Solomon
Islands, Angola, and
Guinea-Bissau.
10 Countries with the
Most Improvement in
Secondary Pupil-Teacher Ratios
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999-
2002
PTR
Most current
PTR
%
Improved
1 Malawi 17.7
59.8
42.1
29.6
2 Bhutan
3 Chile
4 Eritrea
5 Macao SAR, China
6 Vietnam
7 Belize
11.9
32.4
20.5
36.6
10.7
32.6
21.9
32.8
9.8
49.3
39.5
19.9
9.2
24.0
14.8
38.4
7.7
26.3
18.6
29.4
7.5
23.8
16.3
31.5
1
0
8 Mongolia
9 Cape Verde
India
7.4
21.9
14.5
33.7
7.3
24.5
17.2
29.7
7.0
32.3
25.3
21.6
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Notes: Data were not available for 83 of 214 countries .
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
20 to 26% of all secondary students are repeaters in these countries.
9 of 10 countries are in
SSA.
Togo’s repetition rates has increased by 6 percentage points over time. Benin, Chad, and
Burkina Faso also had worsening repetition rates.
Burundi improved its repetition rate by over
12 percentage points.
10 Countries with the Highest
Secondary Repetition Rates
(2006-2012)
1 Togo
2 Burkina Faso
26.1
25.8
3 Burundi
4 Congo, Rep.
5 Benin
24.2
23.6
23.4
6 Sao Tome and Principe
7 Iraq
8 Mali
9 Chad
21.3
21.3
19.9
19.8
10 Cape Verde 19.7
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Notes: Data displayed is for the most recent available year. Blue data is for 2007; Black = 26
These countries have decreased their secondary repetition rates by 7 to 12 percentage points over time.
4 countries have more than halved their repetition rates.
Despite great improvement, 6 of the 10 countries have current repetition rates higher than 10%.
10 Countries with the Largest
Decreases in Secondary Repetition
Rates
Percentage
Points
Decreased
1999-2002
Repetition
Repetition
Rate
Most current
Rate
%
Decreased
1 Burundi 12.4
36.6
24.2
33.9
2 Eritrea 10.3
20.3
10.1
50.5
3 Guinea
4 Sri Lanka
5 Rwanda
6 Mozambique
7 Ethiopia
8 Guinea-Bissau
9.2
23.7
14.6
38.6
8.5
8.2
9.2
11.8
0.7
3.6
92.8
69.8
7.7
21.5
13.7
36.0
7.7
17.1
9.4
45.0
7.7
20.8
13.1
36.8
9 Bhutan
1
0
Congo, Rep.
7.4
10.7
3.4
68.6
7.2
30.8
23.6
23.4
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013
Note: Data were not available for 93 of 214 countries .
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions. The disparity is greatest in SAS (60 percentage points), LAC
(44), and SSA (40).
Rural residence is a source of disparity in
SAS (29 percentage point disparity), LAC
(25), and SSA (22).
A slightly higher percentage of females complete secondary in
ECA and LAC, but the opposite is true in other regions.
2
Income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions.
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
-10
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
50
30
10
90
70
-10
-30
Richer students have higher scores in all but 3 countries – Iceland, Norway, and
Azerbaijan. The greatest income disparities are in 5 Latin American countries –
Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Colombia.
110
Source: Porta and Mcdonald based on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009) data, 2010
On average, countries spend 24.4% of per capita GDP per secondary education student. These countries spend between 5.5 and
9.4%.
5 of the 10 countries are in LAC and 3 are in EAP.
Brunei Darussalam is the only country on the list with a net enrollment rate in the top half of countries.
More than half of secondary enrollments are in private schools in
Guatemala and more than ¼ are in private schools in Venezuela and Peru.
10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per student
Secondary
Enrolment
Rate (NER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Guatemala
2 Monaco
3 Cambodia
5.5
5.5
6.8
46.1
-
35.1
62.5
22.3
2.0
4 Dominican Rep.
5 Brunei Darussalam
7.0
7.8
62.1
99.0
20.8
13.5
6 Venezuela, RB
7 Indonesia
8.0
8.8
72.8
67.3
28.4
41.8
8 Peru
9 Philippines
9.1
9.1
77.6
61.6
26.0
19.8
10 El Salvador 9.4
60.0
16.3
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007;
Data were not available for 86 countries.
5 of the 10 countries are in SSA.
Niger, Angola, and
Mozambique have high per student sending and three of the lowest secondary net enrolment rates of all countries.
Honduras spends the most as a share of pc
GDP by far, but also has the highest share of students enrolled in private schools (27%).
10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per student
Secondary
Enrolment
Rate (NER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Honduras
2 Mozambique
3 Lesotho
279.7
84.8
55.1
-
17.3
29.8
26.9
12.7
1.0
4 Cuba
5 Niger
52.1
51.1
86.6
9.4
-
18.1
6 Angola
7 Cyprus
45.0
40.7
13.5
96.0
10.6
17.5
8 Moldova
9 Rwanda
39.4
39.3
77.7
-
1.3
20.6
10 Morocco 39.1
5.2
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for
2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Beige for
2006; Data were not available for 86 countries.
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
This presentation utilizes the following data sources:
1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query
The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries.
Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the
EdStats Query .
2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011)
3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster
Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)
4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query:
Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)
The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website :
Access
Quality
Expenditures
Literacy
Equity
Gender
Pre-Primary Education
Primary Education
Secondary Education
Tertiary Education