Secondary - World Bank

advertisement

The State of Education Series

Secondary

Education

A Global Report

March 2013

Summary

This presentation includes data on:

Total enrollments

Net Enrollment Rates (NER)

Pupil/Teacher Ratios

Repetition Rates

Income/Gender/Location Disparities

Lower Secondary Completion

Expenditures on Secondary Education

Acronym Guide

Acronym Name

EAP

ECA

LAC

East Asia and Pacific

Europe and Central Asia

Latin American and the Caribbean

MNA Middle East and North Africa

SAS

SSA

WLD

South Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

World (Global Aggregate)

NER Net Enrollment Rate

GDP p.c.

Gross Domestic Product per capita

GNI Gross National Income

NAR

GPI

PTR

PISA

Net Attendance Rate

Gender Parity Index (female value/male value)

Pupil/Teacher Ratio

Programme for International Student Assessment

Secondary

Enrollments

How many children are enrolled in secondary schools?

Over 543 million students are enrolled in secondary school worldwide.

This total is up from

510 million in 2005 and

451 million in 2000.

Over half of the world’s secondary school students are in either

EAP or SAS.

38 percent of total secondary enrolments are in China (18%) and

India (20%)

258 million (47.5%) are girls.

Share of Total Secondary

Enrollments by Region (%)

2010

HIC

16,0%

EAP

27,4%

SAS

24,9%

ECA

6,4%

SSA

8,4%

MNA

5,8%

LAC

11,0%

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;

HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.

How many children are enrolled?

Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER)

In 2000, just over half

(53%) of secondary school age children were enrolled. This figure has risen by 9.4 percentage points to

62.5% in 2010.

ECA has consistently had the highest net enrolment rates (NERs) over time at around

80%.

Unlike in primary, secondary NERs have consistently improved over time globally and in most regions.

Continued…

Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

90

80

70

60

50

20

10

40

30

53,1

54,8

57,1

58,7

61,1

62,5

0

2000

EAP

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:

SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

How many children are enrolled?

Secondary – NER (continued)

EAP has made the most progress between 2000

(55%) and 2010 (72%) followed by SAS, which improved by 11 percentage points between 2000 and 2008.

SSA improved by 6.7 percentage points between 2000 and 2007, but still was more than

20 percent behind other regions with NERs ranging from 20-26%.

Almost ¾ of secondary school age students are not enrolled in SSA, and almost half are not enrolled in SAS.

Over one-third of secondary school age children are not in school, but progress has been made over time.

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

53,1

54,8

57,1

58,7

61,1

62,5

0

2000

EAP

2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:

SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

Which countries have the lowest secondary enrollment rates?

More than 2/3 of secondary school age students are out-of-school in these countries. Almost

90% of students are not enrolled in Niger and

Angola.

25 countries have less than half of secondary school age students enrolled.

Djibouti is the only country on the list that is not in

SSA.

#10 Eritrea’s NER is almost 3 times higher than

#1 Niger’s NER.

#5 Mozambique improved from 3.4% in 2001 to

17.3% in 2011.

10 Countries with the Lowest

Secondary Net Enrollment Rates

(2008-2011)

1 Niger

2 Angola

10.2

11.5

3 Central African Republic

4 Burundi

5 Mozambique

14.1

16.2

17.3

6 Burkina Faso

7 Madagascar

8 Djibouti

9 Malawi

17.5

23.6

24.2

27.5

10 Eritrea 28.6

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Notes: Figures are most recent year with available data between 2008-2011.

Green = 2008; Blue = 2009; Black = 2010; Purple = 2011. Data were not available for 96 of 214 countries.

Which countries have improved secondary enrolment rates the most?

These countries have improved their secondary net enrolment rates

(NER) by 16 to 32 percentage points between 1999-2001 and 2009-2011.

Bhutan has more than doubled its

2001 NER, but still has around half of secondary school age students OOS in

2011.

Despite their improvement, only three of these countries have NERs higher than 75%.

10 Countries with the Most Improvement in Secondary Net Enrollment Rates

Percentage

Points

Improved

1999-

2001

NER

Most current

NER

% Improved

1 Bhutan 32.0

21.7

53.8

147.5

2 Syrian Arab Republic 25.2

41.7

67.0

60.5

3 St. Lucia

4

St. Vincent and the

Grenadines

5 Dominican Republic

25.0

60.3

85.3

41.4

22.4

67.9

90.4

33.0

22.1

40.2

62.3

55.0

6 Oman

7 Indonesia

21.5

68.2

89.7

31.6

20.6

46.7

67.3

44.1

8 Venezuela, RB 17.5

54.3

71.8

32.2

9 Kenya

10 Ghana

16.0

34.0

50.0

47.0

15.8

32.9

48.7

48.1

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012;

Notes: Black data is for 2001 or 2010; Purple is 2000 or 2011; Blue is 2009; Data were not available for 123 of 214 countries .

Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012

Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The maps are for reference only.

Do low secondary enrollments relate to low national income per capita?

Low gross national income (GNI) per capita does not necessarily lead to low secondary

NERs. Low income countries (<$1025 GNI pc) have NERs ranging from 10.2% (Niger) to

85% (Tajikistan).

All countries with a GNI pc over $10,000 have a

NER over 70% except

Liechtenstein and

Uruguay.

Almost all countries with secondary NERs less than 50% have a GNI pc less than $3000. The exceptions are

Swaziland and Angola.

There is no clear association between low national income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates.

100

Norway

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

Suriname

Macao, SAR China

Switzerland,

Qatar,

Luxembourg

20

10

CAR, Burundi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso

Niger

Angola

0

0

R² = 0,1793

20 40 60 80

GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012

Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.

Which regions have reached gender parity in secondary enrollments?

Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary greatly across regions.

1,10

Globally, the gender parity index (GPI) for secondary net enrollment rate (NER) has been increasing from

0.92 in 2000 to 0.96 in

2010.

ECA is the only region within +/- 0.05 of gender parity (1.0).

LAC has consistently had higher female NERs. EAP has reversed from a male bias (0.96) in 2000 to a female bias (1.06) in

2010.

SAS has greatly decreased gender disparity over time.

SSA has maintained a male bias 0.80 since

2000.

1,05

1,00

0,95

0,90

0,92

0,85

0,80

0,94

0,95

0,96

Female Bias

Male Bias

0,96 0,96

0,75

WLD

2000

EAP

2002

ECA

2004

LAC

2006

MNA

2008

SAS

2010

SSA

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.

Does gender parity exist in secondary enrollments in most countries?

Just over half (52%) of countries with data are within 0.05 of gender parity in secondary enrollments.

Unlike primary enrollments, more countries have a female bias in secondary enrolments. 85 countries have GPIs higher than 1 while 71 countries have GPIs less than 1.

6 countries have perfect gender parity

(1.0): Slovenia,

Mauritius, Swaziland,

Japan, Indonesia, and

Cyprus.

More countries have higher female secondary GERs than male secondary GERs.

1,40

1,30

1,20

1,10

1,00

0,90

0,80

0,70

0,60

0,50

0,40

Male Bias

Female Bias

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012:

Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)

Which countries have the largest gender disparities in secondary enrolments?

In 9 of 10 countries, the male

GER is much higher than the female GER. In

Lesotho – the female GER is higher than the male rate.

8 of 10 countries are in SSA. 1 is in

South Asia and 1 is in MNA.

Of the 20 countries with the greatest gender disparity, 5 have a female bias.

14 of the top 20 are in SSA.

10 Countries with the Largest Gender

Disparities in Secondary Enrolments

(2008-2011)

GPI

Absolute value from 1

1 Chad

2 Afghanistan

3 Central African Republic

4 Congo, Dem. Rep.

5 Guinea

6 Lesotho

7 Yemen, Rep.

0.42

0.51

0.55

0.58

0.59

1.38

0.62

0.58

0.49

0.45

0.42

0.41

0.38

0.38

8 Niger

9 Angola

0.66

0.69

0.34

0.31

10 Mali 0.71

0.29

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are 2010

GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR (2011), and Mali

(2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender disparity in secondary the most?

These countries have moved from 0.19 to

0.34 percentage points closer to gender parity (1) over time.

Sweden and St. Lucia improved from a large female bias (1.26) toward gender parity.

The other countries have improved from a male bias (0.40 to

0.85) toward gender parity.

3 of 10 countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in the most recent year.

10 Countries with the Most

Improvement Toward Gender

Parity in Secondary Enrollments

Percentage

Points

Improved

2000/

2001

GPI

Most current

GPI

1 Cambodia

2 Sweden

3 St. Lucia

4 Mozambique

5 Senegal

0.34

0.27

0.27

0.23

0.21

0.57

0.90

1.26

0.99

1.26

0.99

0.64

0.87

0.66

0.88

6 Yemen, Rep.

7 India

8 Bhutan

9 Guinea

0.21

0.20

0.19

0.19

0.41

0.62

0.72

0.92

0.85

1.04

0.40

0.59

10 Turkey 0.19

0.73

0.91

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012;

Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;

Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.

Do gender, income, or location disparities exist in secondary attendance rates?

Large gender disparities in secondary attendance rates do not exist in any region except SAS. In

LAC, ECA, and MNA, slightly more females attend secondary than males.

Rural/urban location disparities exist in most regions. In LAC and

SSA, location disparities are 20/23 percentage points.

The largest disparities in all regions are associated with income:

There is a 35+ percentage point difference between the top/bottom quintiles in

LAC, SAS, and SSA.

2

The largest disparities in net secondary attendance rates are associated with income.

40

35

Gender disparity

Location disparity

Income disparity

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA

Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health

Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards

Measurement Studies for 1985-2007

Do income disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA?

South Asia (SAS)

% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Middle East and North Africa (MNA)

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in LAC?

% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Percentage of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

Do regional disparities exist in lower secondary enrolment rates in Asia?

% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012

Pupil-Teacher

Ratios

Which regions have higher secondary pupil-teacher ratios?

Globally, secondary pupil-teacher ratios

(PTRs) have decreased slightly from 18 pupils per teacher in 1999 to

17 in 2011.

SAS has the highest

PTR in 2011 at 26.4 pupils per teacher. This is a sharp decrease from 34 in 1999.

SSA’s PTR is also consistently higher than most regions over time.

ECA has the fewest students per teacher in

2011 (11.7) followed by

EAP at 16 and LAC at

17.

Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia have the highest secondary pupil-teacher ratios.

26

24

22

20

18

16

14

12

34

32

30

28

10

1999

EAP

2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011

ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Which countries have the highest secondary pupil-teacher ratios?

These countries have between 35 and 67 secondary pupils per teacher.

Eight of the 10 countries are in

SSA.

Despite larger class sizes, less than 15% of children are enrolled in secondary education in CAR, Angola, and

Niger.

There are 34 countries with PTRs less than 10. Most are high income countries.

10 Countries with the Highest

Secondary Pupil-Teacher Ratios

(2006-2012)

Pupil-Teacher

Ratio. Secondary

Net Enrolment Rate.

Secondary

1 Central African Rep.

66.8

14.1

2 Malawi

3 Nepal

4 Ethiopia

5 Eritrea

42.1

40.9

40.3

39.5

27.5

-

-

28.6

6 Angola

7 Guinea-Bissau

38.7

37.3

11.5

-

8 Tanzania

9 Philippines

35.2

34.8

-

61.6

10 Niger 34.7

10.2

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Note: Data is for the most recent available year; Black data are for 2011; Blue = 2010;

Green = 2009; Maroon = 2008; Data were not available for 58 countries.

Which countries have decreased secondary pupil-teacher ratios the most?

These countries have decreased their secondary pupilteacher ratios by 7 to

18 students/teacher over time.

After the large decreases, these countries have current

PTRs between 14 and

25 pupils per teacher except Malawi (42) and Eritrea (40).

5 countries increased

PTRs by more than 10 pupils per teacher over time: Nepal,

Tanzania, Solomon

Islands, Angola, and

Guinea-Bissau.

10 Countries with the

Most Improvement in

Secondary Pupil-Teacher Ratios

Percentage

Points

Improved

1999-

2002

PTR

Most current

PTR

%

Improved

1 Malawi 17.7

59.8

42.1

29.6

2 Bhutan

3 Chile

4 Eritrea

5 Macao SAR, China

6 Vietnam

7 Belize

11.9

32.4

20.5

36.6

10.7

32.6

21.9

32.8

9.8

49.3

39.5

19.9

9.2

24.0

14.8

38.4

7.7

26.3

18.6

29.4

7.5

23.8

16.3

31.5

1

0

8 Mongolia

9 Cape Verde

India

7.4

21.9

14.5

33.7

7.3

24.5

17.2

29.7

7.0

32.3

25.3

21.6

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Notes: Data were not available for 83 of 214 countries .

Pupil-Teacher Ratio. Secondary

(2006-2012)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013

Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The maps are for reference only.

Repetition

Rates

Which countries have the highest repetition rates in secondary?

20 to 26% of all secondary students are repeaters in these countries.

9 of 10 countries are in

SSA.

Togo’s repetition rates has increased by 6 percentage points over time. Benin, Chad, and

Burkina Faso also had worsening repetition rates.

Burundi improved its repetition rate by over

12 percentage points.

10 Countries with the Highest

Secondary Repetition Rates

(2006-2012)

1 Togo

2 Burkina Faso

26.1

25.8

3 Burundi

4 Congo, Rep.

5 Benin

24.2

23.6

23.4

6 Sao Tome and Principe

7 Iraq

8 Mali

9 Chad

21.3

21.3

19.9

19.8

10 Cape Verde 19.7

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013; Notes: Data displayed is for the most recent available year. Blue data is for 2007; Black = 26

Which countries have decreased secondary repetition rates the most?

These countries have decreased their secondary repetition rates by 7 to 12 percentage points over time.

4 countries have more than halved their repetition rates.

Despite great improvement, 6 of the 10 countries have current repetition rates higher than 10%.

10 Countries with the Largest

Decreases in Secondary Repetition

Rates

Percentage

Points

Decreased

1999-2002

Repetition

Repetition

Rate

Most current

Rate

%

Decreased

1 Burundi 12.4

36.6

24.2

33.9

2 Eritrea 10.3

20.3

10.1

50.5

3 Guinea

4 Sri Lanka

5 Rwanda

6 Mozambique

7 Ethiopia

8 Guinea-Bissau

9.2

23.7

14.6

38.6

8.5

8.2

9.2

11.8

0.7

3.6

92.8

69.8

7.7

21.5

13.7

36.0

7.7

17.1

9.4

45.0

7.7

20.8

13.1

36.8

9 Bhutan

1

0

Congo, Rep.

7.4

10.7

3.4

68.6

7.2

30.8

23.6

23.4

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, March 2013

Note: Data were not available for 93 of 214 countries .

Secondary Repetition Rate (%)

(2006-2012)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013

Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The maps are for reference only.

Completion and Learning

Are there gender, income or location disparities in secondary completion rates?

Low income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions. The disparity is greatest in SAS (60 percentage points), LAC

(44), and SSA (40).

Rural residence is a source of disparity in

SAS (29 percentage point disparity), LAC

(25), and SSA (22).

A slightly higher percentage of females complete secondary in

ECA and LAC, but the opposite is true in other regions.

2

Income is the greatest source of disparity in secondary completion rates in all regions.

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

Gender disparity

Location disparity

Income disparity

-10

EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA

Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health

Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards

Measurement Studies for 1985-2007

Lower Secondary Graduation Rate

(2006-2012)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013

Note: Data displayed is for the most recent available year

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The maps are for reference only.

50

30

10

90

70

-10

-30

Where are the greatest income disparities in PISA math scores?

Richer students have higher scores in all but 3 countries – Iceland, Norway, and

Azerbaijan. The greatest income disparities are in 5 Latin American countries –

Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Colombia.

110

Source: Porta and Mcdonald based on Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA 2009) data, 2010

Expenditures on Secondary

Education

Which countries spend the least per student on secondary education?

On average, countries spend 24.4% of per capita GDP per secondary education student. These countries spend between 5.5 and

9.4%.

5 of the 10 countries are in LAC and 3 are in EAP.

Brunei Darussalam is the only country on the list with a net enrollment rate in the top half of countries.

More than half of secondary enrollments are in private schools in

Guatemala and more than ¼ are in private schools in Venezuela and Peru.

10 Countries with the Lowest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student

(2006-2012)

Share of pc

GDP (%) per student

Secondary

Enrolment

Rate (NER)

Private

Enrollment

Share (%)

1 Guatemala

2 Monaco

3 Cambodia

5.5

5.5

6.8

46.1

-

35.1

62.5

22.3

2.0

4 Dominican Rep.

5 Brunei Darussalam

7.0

7.8

62.1

99.0

20.8

13.5

6 Venezuela, RB

7 Indonesia

8.0

8.8

72.8

67.3

28.4

41.8

8 Peru

9 Philippines

9.1

9.1

77.6

61.6

26.0

19.8

10 El Salvador 9.4

60.0

16.3

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013

Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007;

Data were not available for 86 countries.

Which countries spend the most per student on secondary education?

5 of the 10 countries are in SSA.

Niger, Angola, and

Mozambique have high per student sending and three of the lowest secondary net enrolment rates of all countries.

Honduras spends the most as a share of pc

GDP by far, but also has the highest share of students enrolled in private schools (27%).

10 Countries with the Highest Share of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student

(2006-2012)

Share of pc

GDP (%) per student

Secondary

Enrolment

Rate (NER)

Private

Enrollment

Share (%)

1 Honduras

2 Mozambique

3 Lesotho

279.7

84.8

55.1

-

17.3

29.8

26.9

12.7

1.0

4 Cuba

5 Niger

52.1

51.1

86.6

9.4

-

18.1

6 Angola

7 Cyprus

45.0

40.7

13.5

96.0

10.6

17.5

8 Moldova

9 Rwanda

39.4

39.3

77.7

-

1.3

20.6

10 Morocco 39.1

5.2

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013

Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures are for

2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for 2007; Beige for

2006; Data were not available for 86 countries.

Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of

GDP per capita. Secondary

(2006-2012)

Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013

Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year

The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.

The maps are for reference only.

Data Sources

This presentation utilizes the following data sources:

1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query

The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included 2010 data for most indicators/countries.

Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the

EdStats Query .

2) Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were generated through ADePT Edu (2011)

3) Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster

Surveys in the World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE)

4) Learning Outcome Data from the EdStats Query:

 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)

The State of Education Series

The following State of Education presentations are available on the EdStats website :

Topics:

Access

Quality

Expenditures

Literacy

Equity

Gender

Educational Levels:

Pre-Primary Education

Primary Education

Secondary Education

Tertiary Education

Download