Key Concept 1.2
1. Explain how New Monarchies laid the foundation for centralized power by establishing a
monopoly on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to
determine the religion of their subjects.
a. Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain – Hermandad
b. Star Chamber
c. Peace of Westphalia
2. Explain how Commercial and Professional groups gained power and played a greater role in
political affairs.
a. Gentry of England
b. Nobles of the robe of France
3. Explain how the competition for power between monarchs and corporate groups produced
different distributions of governmental authority in European States.
a. James I
b. Charles I
c. Oliver Cromwell
4. Explain how monarchies were faced with challenges from nobles who wished to retain their
traditional form of power and regional authority.
a. The Fronde of France
b. Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu