Which structures exit at the hilum of the kidney?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Renal artery and nerves
Renal vein and ureter
Renal capsule and renal sinus
1 and 2 are correct
Where does urine production begin?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Renal artery
Minor calyces
Nephron
Collecting duct
How are cortical and juxtamedullary
nephrons structurally different?
1. Cortical nephrons are surrounded by
vasa recta.
2. Cortical nephrons have very short PCTs.
3. Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer
loops of Henle.
4. All of the above are differences.
Which portion of a nephron is not in the
renal cortex?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Loop of Henle
Why don’t plasma proteins pass into the
capsular space under normal circumstances?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glomerular capillary pores are too small.
Glomerular blood pressure is too low.
Glomerular filtration rate is too low.
Glomerular blood flow is too slow.
Damage to which part of the nephron interferes
with hormonal control of blood pressure?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bowman’s capsule
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
PCT
Loop of Henle
What is the composition of the filtrate in the
capsular space?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Like urine, only more concentrated
Similar to water
Like urine, only less concentrated
Similar to plasma, only no proteins
Why is the presence of microvilli important
to the epithelial tissue of the PCT?
1. Because reabsorption is occurring
2. Because filtration is occurring
3. Because secretion of toxins and ions is
occurring
4. Because urine elimination is occurring
How does the diameter of the lumen of the
loop of Henle change along its length?
1. The lumen is widest near the PCT.
2. The lumen is the same diameter along
its length.
3. The lumen is narrower where water
reabsorption is occurring.
4. None of these is correct.
What event occurs when the plasma
concentration of a substance exceeds its
tubular maximum?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Glomerular blood pressure increases.
Filtration shuts down.
Excess is excreted in urine.
Glomerular osmotic pressure decreases.
Why are glomerular pressures higher than pressure in
other capillaries?
1. The efferent arteriole has a smaller diameter
than the afferent arteriole, increasing resistance.
2. Sodium content of the filtrate increases
pressure.
3. E and NE cause increased glomerular pressure.
4. The length of the afferent arteriole is longer than
the efferent arteriole.
What nephron structures are involved in filtration?
1. PCT, lamina densa, and descending loop
of Henle
2. Filtration slits of the podocytes and PCT
3. Glomerular capillaries, lamina densa,
and filtration slits of the podocytes
4. Glomerular capillaries and PCT
What is the role of capsular hydrostatic pressure
(CsHP)?
1. Pushes water and solutes out of plasma into
the filtrate
2. Draws water out of the filtrate and into plasma
3. Pushes water and solutes out of filtrate into
plasma
4. Regulates blood pressure
What direct affect does sympathetic activation
have on GFR?
1. Produces powerful vasoconstriction of the
afferent arteriole
2. Metabolic waste buildup
3. Dilation of the afferent arteriole
4. Dilation of glomerular capillaries and
constriction of the efferent arteriole
All of the following except ____ are effects of
angiotensin II.
1. Elevation of glomerular pressures and GFR
2. Inhibition of ADH release
3. Elevation of arterial pressure throughout the
body
4. Stimulation of NA reabsorption in the DCT
What effect does an increased amount of
aldosterone have on K+ concentration of urine?
1.
2.
3.
4.
K+ increases
K+ decreases
No effect
Impossible to predict
What effect does decreased Na+ concentration of
filtrate have on the pH of tubular fluid?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tubular fluid pH will be higher
Tubular fluid pH will be lower
There is not an effect on pH
Tubular fluid neutral, pH 7
How would the absence of juxtamedullary nephrons
affect the volume of urine and its osmotic
concentration?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Decrease volume; decrease osmotic concentration
Decrease volume; increase osmotic concentration
Increase volume; decrease osmotic concentration
Increase volume; increase osmotic concentration
Where is concentration of urine the greatest?
Why?
1. In the PCT/the PCT is where most reabsorption
is occurring
2. In the medulla/concentrating mechanism relies
on osmosis
3. In the DCT/water diffuses out
4. The glomerulus/it has highest concentration of
solutes
Why does a decrease in Na+ in the distal
convoluted tubule lead to an increase in blood
pressure?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Because it decreases water content in blood
Because it increases renin production
Because it increases filtration rate
Because it increases water loss through
kidneys
Why does osmotic concentration decrease in the
thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
1. Urea is transported out of the tubule.
2. Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out
of the tubular fluid.
3. The thick ascending limb is permeable to
water.
4. 1 and 2 are correct.
What is the role of the vasa recta in the urinary
system?
1. Increasing specific gravity of urine
2. Increasing the osmotic concentration of urine
3. Returning water and solutes to general
circulation
4. Cleansing blood before it reenters systemic
circulation
Mary has had a urinalysis that indicates a high level
of bilirubin. What condition may she have?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Liver disease
Anorexia
Ketonuria
Renal infection
What effect does eating a high-protein diet have on
the composition of urine?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Increased urea
Increased potassium
Increased fluid volume
1 and 3 are correct
An obstruction of a ureter by a kidney stone limits
the flow of urine between which two points?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ureter and urethra
Renal medulla and renal pelvis
Renal medulla and urethra
Renal pelvis and urinary bladder
The ability to control the micturition reflex
depends on the ability to control which muscle?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Urogenital diaphragm
Internal urinary sphincter
External urinary sphincter
Coccygeus