Design for
Construction Safety (DfCS)
2 to 4 Hour Course
WHAT IS DESIGNING FOR
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY?
The process of addressing
construction site safety and
health, and planning for
future maintenance in the
design phase of a project.
WHY IS IT NECESSARY?


Currently there are no requirements for
construction safety in building codes
IBC Chapter 33 Safeguards During
Construction-Pedestrian Safety
OSHA 1926-Engineering Controls






1926.452
1926.502
1926.552
1926.652
1926.703
1926.705
Scaffolds
Fall Protection Anchorages
Hoists
Excavations
Shoring
Lift Slabs
DfCS Process1-It’s a Team Concept
• Establish design for
safety expectations
• Include construction and
operation perspective
• Identify design for safety
process and tools
Design
Kickoff
Design
Trade contractor
involvement
1
Gambatese
Internal
Review
• QA/QC
• Crossdiscipline
review
External
Review
• Focused safety
review
• Owner review
Issue for
Construction
U.S. Construction Accident Statistics1

Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226
deaths each year

5.5% of workforce but 21.5% of fatalities

Construction has one of the highest fatality
rates of any industry sector
1
Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006
CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN
U.S.1
1
Photos courtesy of Washington Group International
CONSTRUCTION FATALITIES BY
OCCUPATION1








1
Total fatalities
1,226
Construction laborers
360
Electricians
117
Carpenters
114
First Line supervisors
113
Roofers
82
Painters and paper hangers 54
Structural steel
36
BLS,2006
MOST FREQUENTLY CITED/HIGHEST
PENALTY OSHA VIOLATIONS IN
CONSTRUCTION1





Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451
Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501
Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053
Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651
Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453
1Most
Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.gov
Considering Safety During Design
Offers the Most Payoff1
High
Conceptual Design
Detailed Engineering
Ability to
Influence
Safety
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
Low
Project Schedule
1
Szymberski 1987
DESIGN CAN INFLUENCE
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY11,2

22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon,
WA and CA linked to design

42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to
design

In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents
resulted from decisions made before site work began
1
2
Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
What Types of Design Decisions?



IBC paragraph 704.11.1
requires that a parapet wall
be at least 30 inches high
OSHA 1926 Subpart M
requires a 39-45 inch
guardrail or other fall
protection
If the design professional
specifies a 39-45 inch high
parapet wall, fall protection
would not be required
DfCS Examples:
Roofs
Skylights
Upper story windows
and roof parapets
COURSE OBJECTIVES
To provide design and construction
professionals with skills to identify
construction safety hazards
 To provide design and construction
professionals with skills to eliminate or
reduce the risk of a serious injury in the
design phase

COURSE OBJECTIVES



Safety Engineering-skills to recognize
hazards and uncover “hidden” hazards
Design features to eliminate or reduce
the risk of an injury due to a hazard
OSHA resources for DfCS
Crash Course in Safety Engineering


Safety Engineering is a specialty
within the engineering field that
deals with the identification and
elimination of hazards.
Safety Engineering cuts across all
engineering disciplines: Civil,
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, as
well as many branches of science.
What is a Hazard?


A HAZARD is the potential to do
harm or damage
RISK is a measure of the probability
of a hazard-related incident
occurring and the severity of harm or
damage
Recognized Hazards



Gravity-Falls from elevation
Falling objects
Slopes-Upset
Rollover
Unstable surfaces
Water- Drowning
Recognized Hazards


Walking/working surfacestripping, slipping
Mechanical hazardsRotation, reciprocation, shearing,
vibration, pinch points, hydraulics,
pneumatics, entanglement
Recognized Hazards



Stored energy- springs, pneumatics
hydraulics, capacitors
Electrical-electrostatic, current,
voltage, sparks, arcs
Chemical-corrosive, combustion,
toxic
Recognized Hazards


Biological-allergens, carcinogens
Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear,
X-rays, light, lasers
Recognized Hazards-Sources
ANSI Standards





ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting
ANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements for
Confined Spaces
ANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control Devices
ANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements for
Scaffolding
ANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements for
Portable Ladders
Recognized Hazards-Sources
ANSI Standards
ANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in Oxygen
Enriched Atmospheres
 ANSI A14.4 Job Made Wooden
Ladders
 ANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements for
Demolition Operations
 ANSI A1264.1-Safety Requirements
for Workplace Floor and Wall
Openings, Stairs & Railing Systems

Recognized Hazards-Sources
ANSI Standards



ANSI A10.13 Safety Requirements
for Steel erection
ANSI A145.1 Recommended Practice
for Concrete Formwork
ANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout of
Energy Sources
Recognized Hazards-Sources
ASTM Standards




ASTM F802 Guide for Selection of
Certain Walkway Surfaces When
Considering Footwear Traffic
ASTM 04.09 Wood Construction
ASTM D4532 Respirable Dust in
Workplace Atmospheres
ASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and Fire
Risk Assessment
Recognized Hazards-Sources
ASTM Standards

ASTM O 4.07 Building Seals and
Sealants
Recognized Hazards-Sources
NFPA Standards



NFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire Hazards
in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and
Dust Explosions in the Chemical,
Dye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics
Industries
NFPA 241 Safeguarding Construction,
Alteration, and Demolition
Operations
Recognized Hazards-Sources
Government Regulations





OSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricks
OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material for
Material Handling
OSHA 1926.452 Scaffolds
OSHA 1926.800 Underground
Construction
OSHA 1926.52 Occupational Noise
Exposure
Recognized Hazards-Sources
NFPA Standards


NFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible
Liquids
NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of
Flammable Liquids, Gases & Volatile
Solids
Recognized Hazards-Sources
Government Regulations




OSHA 1918.95 Longshoring
Operations in the Vicinity of Repair
and Maintenance Work
OSHA 1926.1050-1053 Stairways
and Ladders
OSHA 1926.650 Excavations
Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Regulations
Recognized Hazards-Sources
Other Sources






National Safety Council
MSHA
SAE
NIOSH
US Army Corps of Engineers
ACI
Recognized Hazards-Examples
Fall Hazards 6 Feet or More1
1Photos
courtesy of Washington Group International
Unprotected
edges
Recognized Hazards-Examples
Confined Space
Recognized Hazards-Examples
Power Lines



Worker electrocuted when his
drill rig got too close to
overhead power lines.
Design engineer specified
groundwater monitoring wells
were to be dug directly under
power lines.
Engineer could have specified
wells be dug away from power
lines and/or better informed the
employer of hazard posed by
wells’ proximity to powerlines
through the plans, specifications,
and bid documents.
Hidden Hazards-Examples






Underground utilities
Electrical wire buried in a wall
Asbestos
Rot/Decay of structural members
Gas lines
Any hazard uncovered during project
execution
Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis



A “What If” analysis is a structured
brainstorming methods of uncovering
hidden hazards
Select the boundaries of the review
and assemble an experienced team
Gather information-video tapes of
operation, design documents,
maintenance procedures, etc.
Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis
“What If” Situation Questions






Failure to follow procedures
Procedures are followed, but are
incorrect
Equipment failure
Utility failure
Weather
Operator not trained
Hidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis
Example
Highway Construction Project What if workers have to access drains? Are drains
a possible confined space?
 What about the power lines? Will equipment be
operating near power lines?
 What about worker/public injury from traffic
accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space?
Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians?
 Will construction vehicles have enough shoulder
space to stop on road
 What if worker attempts to manually pick up
drain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they have
handles?
Hidden Hazards-Other Methods





Fault Tree Analysis
Design Check Lists
Plan review, if your gut feeling tells
you that something is unsafe, it
probably is.
Read case studies on construction
accidents
“Fatal Facts”
Fatal Facts
Fatal Facts
Fatal Facts
Fatal Facts
Fatal Facts
Design for Safety (DFS)

Identify the hazard(s)

Assess the Risk

Propose design features to eliminate
the risk or reduce it to an acceptable
level
DFS- Risk Assessment
Estimate Injury Severity
Severe-Death or serious debilitating
long-term injury such as amputation
or coma
Serious-Permanent or nonreversible
injury that severely impact
enjoyment of life and may require
continued treatment
DFS- Risk Assessment
Estimate Injury Severity
Moderate-Permanent or reversible
minor injury that does not
significantly impact enjoyment of life,
but requires medical treatment.
Slight-Reversible injury requiring
simple medical treatment with no
confinement
DFS- Risk Assessment
Estimate Probability of Hazardous
Event
High- Very likely to occur, protective
measures are nearly worthless
Medium-Occurrence is likely. The
frequency of control measures is
significant or control measures are
inadequate
DFS- Risk Assessment
Estimate Probability of Hazardous
Event
Moderate-Occurrence is possible, but
not likely
Low- Occurrence is so unlikely as to
be considered nearly zero.
DFS-Risk Assessment Matrix
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
Other Forms of Hazard
Identification/Prevention Matrix1
1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.
Eliminate the
Hazard
Hazard
Natural
Structural/
Mechanical
Electrical
Chemical
Radiant
Energy
Biological
Artificial
Intelligence
Safety
Guard the
Hazard
Hazard
Safety
Provide a Safety
Factor
Hazard
Safety
Provide
Redundancy
Hazard
Safety
Provide
Reliability
DFS-Design Hierarchy





First-Design out the hazard
Second-Provide safety devices
Third-Provide warning devices
Fourth- Implement operating
procedures and training programs
Fifth-Use personal protective
equipment
END OF CRASH COURSE
IN SAFETY
ENGINEERING
Typical Construction Project
Arrangement



Project owner separately contracts with a
Architect/Engineer and with a general
contractor, prime contractor, construction
manager, program manager or owner’s agent
Above entities may subcontract out some or
all of the work to specialty trade contractors
Project owners occasionally contract with a
design-build firm to perform both design and
construction
Root Causes for Construction
Accidents1







1
Inadequate construction planning
Lack of proper training
Deficient enforcement of training
Unsafe equipment
Unsafe methods or sequencing
Unsafe site conditions
Not using safety equipment that was provided
Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002
Potential Areas of Concern in
Construction Safety






Falls
Hazardous materials
Fire Protection
Electrical
Scaffolding
Floor and wall openings, stairways,
ladders
Potential Areas of Concern in
Construction Safety





Cranes, derricks, hoists
Material handling and storage
Excavating and trenching
Confined Space
Work Zone
Potential Areas of Concern in
Construction Safety

Trade specific
Steel workers
Electrical
HVAC
Plumbing
Excavators
Concrete
Designing for Construction Safety
(DfCS) – What is it?



An extension of DfS to cover
construction projects
Recognizes construction site safety
as a design criterion
The process of addressing
construction site safety and health in
the design of a project
Designing for Construction Safety
Process1
1Gambatese
Prelim. Design Review
30% Review
Planning
Review
60% Review
90% Review
Planning
Preliminary
design/
Schematics
Design
Construction
Operation
and
Maintenance
DfCS Examples: Prefabrication
Concrete
Wall Panels
Concrete Segmented Bridge
Steel stairs
DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points
DfCS Examples:
Roofs
Skylights
Upper story windows
and roof parapets
DfCS Examples: Steel Design




National Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel
Erectors Association of America. Detailing
Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety.
Avoid hanging connections;
design to bear on columns
instead using safety seats
Require holes in columns for
tie lines 21” and 42” above
each floor slab
Specify shop welded
connections instead of bolts
or field welds to avoid
dangerous positions during
erection
Consider approximate
dimensions of connection
tools to prevent pinches or
awkward assemblies
DfCS Examples: Residential Fall
Protection
Other DfCS Design Examples



Design underground utilities to be placed
using trenchless technology1
Specify primers, sealers and other
coatings that do not emit noxious fumes
or contain carcinogenic products2
Design cable type lifeline system for
storage towers3
1 Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005
2 Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005
3 Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety
Concept”, 2005
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS


Replacing circulator pumps requires
a ladder,pumps are located in a tight
space.
Maintenance worker could fall off
ladder, drop pump, or suffer hand
injury from hitting adjacent piping
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
Design review questionsIs there enough room to replace the
pumps?
How high off the ground are the pumps?
What if a maintenance worker has to shut
off a valve an emergency?
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
Identify Hazard-
Fall
and
mechanical
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
Assess Riskseverity- slight (knuckles) to serious
(head injury)
probability-medium (likely)
risk- low to medium
Additional consideration- solution is
simple and inexpensive
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
DfCS solution: design pumps close to
ground level so that a ladder is not
required, provide adequate space around
pumps, provide a metal identification tag
for each valve and provide a permanent
identification board in the mechanical
room that identifies each valve and it’s
purpose.
CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPS
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)



HVAC System installed in the attic of
a commercial office building
No floor or platform/walkways were
designed or installed
HVAC technicians had to walk on
joists/trusses
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
Design review questions
What will workers stand on when installing
HVAC system?
Will regular maintenance be required?
What will the maintenance workers stand
on?
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE
OF HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
Design review questions
What will workers stand on when installing
HVAC system?
Will regular maintenance be required?
What will the maintenance workers stand
on?
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
Identify hazard
FALL
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
Assess Riskseverity- serious (knee) to severe
(death)
probability-medium (likely)
risk- medium to high
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF HVAC
SYSTEM (ATTIC)
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
CASE STUDY #2INSTALLATION\MAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
DfCS solution: design permanent
platforms and walkways with
guardrails
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY1


Plant utility worker was fatally
injured while performing clean-up
duties at a raw coal reclaim area
Victim either fell through a 56” x 80”
opening in a platform or entered
through a coal feeder opening
1Case
study courtesy of Washington Group International
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
Design review questionsWill workers need to have access to
conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrails provided
for all openings near or over
conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrail gates
interlocked?
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
Identify hazard
Mechanical
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
Assess Riskseverity- severe (death)
probability-medium to high
risk- high
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
CASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITY
DfCS solution: design covers and/or
guardrails over conveyor belts and
opening to conveyor belts. Design
interlocks for covers and gates.
CASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE1
A construction worker penetrated an
embedded electrical conduit
containing an energized 120-volt line
while hand drilling into a concrete
bean to install pipe hanger inserts.
The conduit was 1 inch from the
surface.
1
Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents
CASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE
Design review questions
How will the worker install the pipe
hangers?
Are there any electrical lines in the
concrete beam?
Are there any pipe hangers that will be
near an electrical line?
CASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE
Assess Riskseverity- severe (death)
probability- moderate to medium
risk- medium to high
CASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
CASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETE
DfCS Solution: Design embedded
electrical lines deeper than the
maximum depth of the pipe hanger
bolts, clearly mark locations of
electrical lines on contract drawings
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT1

An incinerator located adjacent to a main catwalk on 4th
floor

There was no catwalk from the main catwalk to the
incinerator

Workers periodically had to go into incinerator to clean

Workers used make shift planking to from main catwalk to
incinerator
1Note
the catwalk from the main catwalk to the incinerator with the yellow guardrails was
not in place at the time the worker fell.
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
Design review questions..
Will regular maintenance be required?
How will the workers gain access to the
incinerator
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
Identify hazard
FALL
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
Assess Riskseverity- severe (death)
probability-medium (likely) to high
(very likely)
risk- high
CASE STUDY #-INCINERATOR CLEANOUT
Severity
Probability
Severe
Serious
Moderate
Slight
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Medium
High
Moderate
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Negligible
Negligible Negligible
CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUT
DfCS solution: design catwalk with
guardrail and toeboards from main
catwalk to incinerator.
IDEAS FOR DESIGNERS
www.safetyindesign.org
Case Studies
 Trimming tops of Concrete Piles
 Modular Construction and Installation of
Services
 Temporary Support Steelwork for High
Level Work Platform
 Atrium Lighting
 Integrated Service Column / Panel Design
 Prefabrication of Steelwork
 Modular Construction of Stone Panels
TRAILER ACCESS PLATFORMS1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
CAST-IN SOCKETS FOR
RAILINGS1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
COLOR CODED BOLT BAGS1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
SAFETY BARRIER TO LOAD
PALLETS ONTO MEZZANINE1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
PREFABRICATION OF
STEELWORK1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
MAINTENANCE LIFT TO ACCESS
ATRIUM LIGHTING1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
MODULAR SERVICE RISERS1
1
www.safetyindesign.org
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
www.safetyindesign.org







Hazardous materials
Asbestos
Musculo-Skeletal
Noise
Excavations
Erection of Structures
Steelwork
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
www.safetyindesign.org







Refurbishment
Temporary work equipment
Work at height
Roofs
Spatial Designs
Suspended Access Equipment
Blockwork
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
www.safetyindesign.org



Demolition
Manual Handling
Lifting-cranes
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
T 20.008 Work at Height1





1
Design service runs for so that they can
be maintained from floor above
Pre-assembly and fitting of trusses
Position splices for steel columns so the
splices can be done from a finished floor
Install stairways early to avoid the need
for temporary access
Locate service equipment on ground if
possible
www.safetyindesign.org
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
T 20.002 Erecting Steelwork1




1
Check all steel members for erection loads
Ensure that all slender members can resist
compression imposed by lifting slings
Maximize pre-fabrication
Ensure the spacing of purlins allows for
the largest component to lowered down
through
www.safetyindesign.org
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
T 20.009 Roofs1



Provide anchors points for fall
protection
Ensure roof structure can handle
stacks of materials
Position gutters so that cleaning can
be done from cherry pickers or from
safe access routes
Consider parapets

1 www.safetyindesign.org
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
H 20.002 NOISE1




1
Cast in crack inducers rather than
saw cutting
Cast in anchors rather than site
drilling
Avoid vibro-compaction of ground
Keep site grinding, cutting, etc. to a
minimum
www.safetyindesign.org
GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
H 20.001Musculo-skeletal1



1
Provide adequate space for lifting
machines
Design for machine laying of pavers
Design brick laying to reduce long
duration repetition
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GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
H 10.001 Hazardous Materials1



1
Cast in chases for services rather
than cut to reduce dust
Specify water base or solvent free
paints
Check to see if there any existing
contaminants on the site, alert
workers
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Summary/Closing




Introduce the DfCS Process
Basic Safety Engineering
Design Features
Case Studies to Illustrate Process
Summary/Closing
DESIGNERS CAN HAVE A
POSITIVE IMPACT ON
REDUCING CONSTRUCTION
ACCIDENTS
DfCS Tools/Resources

Construction Industry Institute database
• www.constructioninstitute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr101_11_more.c
fm

United Kingdom Health & Safety Executive
designer guides
• www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.ht
m

CHAIR
• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/Saf
etyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm

OSHA Website
• www.osha.gov
DfCS Tools/Resources


Inherently Safer Design Principles for
Construction, The Hazard Information
Foundation, Inc. besafe@hazardinfo.com
www.safetyindesign.org