1
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
Gene Technology
Chapter 11
P228 - 242
2008-03-14
2
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
Genetic Engineering:
A technology in which the genome of a living
cell is modified for medical or industrial use.
Recombinant DNA:
DNA molecules that are artificially created by
combining DNA from different sources.
Restriction Enzymes:
Enzymes that destroy foreign DNA olecules
by cutting them at specific sites.
3
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
vector:
In biology, any agent, such as a plasmid or a
virus, that can incorporate foreign DNA and
transfer that DNA from one organism to
another; an intermediate host that transfers a
pathogen or a parasite to another organism.
Plasmids:
A circular DNA molecule that is usually found
in bacteria and that can replicate independent
of the main chromosome.
4
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
Gene cloning:
The process of isolating a gene sequence in
the genome of an organism and inserting the
gene sequence into a plasmid vector for
production in large numbers.
electrophoresis:
The process by which electrically charged
particles suspended in a liquid move through
the liquid because of the influence of an
electric field.
5
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
Probes:
Strands of RNA or single-stranded DNA that
have been labeled with a radioactive element
or fluorescent dye and that is used to bind
with and identify a specific gene in genetic
engineering.
Human Genome Project:
A research effort to sequence and locate the
entire collection of genes in human cells.
6
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
vaccine:
A substance prepared from killed or
weakened pathogens and introduced into a
body to produce immunity.
DNA Fingerprint:
The pattern of bands that results when an
individual’s DNA fragments are separated.
Transgenic animals:
Animals into which cloned genetic material
has been introduced.
7
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Vocabulary for Chapter 11
2008-03-14
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):
A technique used to quickly make copies of
selected segments of available DNA.
A billion-fold multiplication can take place in a
few hours.
8
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
Gene Technology
Genetic Engineering.
Chapter 11.1
P228 - 232
Questions p232
2008-03-14
9
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
2008-03-14
1. Apply the four steps commonly used
in genetic engineering experiments
to describe the cloning of a human
gene.
Human and vector DNA are cut and
then combined to produce recombinant
DNA. The recombinant DNA is inserted
into host cells. The host cells
reproduce, cloning the human gene.
The host cells are screened for the
gene.
10
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
2008-03-14
2. Relate the role of DNA “sticky ends”
in the making of recombinant DNA.
The bases of the sticky ends are
complementary, which allows the DNA
from the two different organisms to
combine.
11
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
2008-03-14
3. Summarize how cells are screened in
genetic engineering experiments.
The plasmids contain the gene for
tetracycline resistance. Bacteria with
the recombined plasmid are grown in
the presence of tetracycline. Only
bacteria with the plasmid survive.
12
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
2008-03-14
4. Evaluate the role of probes in
identifying a specific gene.
Probes are pieces of single-stranded
DNA or RNA complementary to the
gene of interest. The DNA fragments on
the gel are made single stranded. The
probe will bind to any complementary
fragments. The genes are ideentified
because the probes are made with
radioactive or fluorescent-labeled tags.
13
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
Section 11.1: Genetic Engineering.
Review.
2008-03-14
5. A student performing electrophoresis
on a DNA sample believes that her
smallest DNA fragment is the band
nearest the negative pole of the gel.
Do you agree with her conclusion?
Explain.
No. Disagree. DNA is negatively
charged and opposite charges attract.
The smallest fragments will move
fastest through the gel.
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
14
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
Gene Technology
Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
Chapter 11.2
P233 - 237
Questions p237
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
15
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
1. Relate the use of genetic engineering
to the treatment of human illnesses
such as hemophilia.
Many genetically engineered proteins
are used to treat illnesses. For
example, factor VIII, a protein that
promotes blood clotting, is now made by
genetic engineering and sold as a drug
to hemophiliacs. Genetic engineers are
also attempting to replace defective
human genes with healthy ones.
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
16
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
2. Relate genetic engineering
techniques to the making of
vaccines.
Instead of using a killed or weakened
pathogen, the genes that code for the
proteins found on the surface of the
pathogen are inserted into the DNA of
harmless bacteria or viruses. People
are then vaccinated with the modified
virus or bacteria.
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
17
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
3. List two ways in which DNA
fiongerprinting has been useful to
society.
DNA fingerprinting has been useful in
forensics, in paternity suits, and in
identifying the genes that cause genetic
disorders.
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
18
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
4. A student states that genetic
engineering is “perfectly safe and
sound”. What safety and ethical
issues do you think might arise over
the use of genetic engineering?
Who has access to personal genetic
information, how they might use that
information, whether gene technologies
are safe to individuals and to the human
population as a whole.
Gene Technology
11.2: Human Applications of Genetic Engineering.
R. H. Beeman
Review.
19
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
5. One medicine made in bacteria using
genetic engineering techniques is
insulin. What is insulin used to
treat?
B. Diabetes.
20
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
Gene Technology
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Chapter 11.3
P238 - 242
Questions p242
21
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
1. List three ways in which food crops
have been improved through genetic
engineering.
Making food crops more tolerant to
drought conditions, different soils, or
climates; enhancing their nutritional
value; controlling the process by which
fruit ripens; making them resistant to the
weedkiller glyphosate.
22
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
2. Compare the cloning of sheep
through the use of differentiated cells
with the cloning of sheep through the
use of embryonic cells.
Cloning with embryonic cells allows an
orgaqnism to develop from cells that
have not undergone specialization.
Cloning with differentiated cells requires
that the cell be manipulated so that the
cell cycle is stopped.
23
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
3. In the movie Jurassic Park scientists
used DNA to bring back extinct
species. How is that different from
the creation of cloned sheep using
differentiated cells?
The DNA used in Jurassic Park was
fragmented. The researchers filled it in
with DNA from other species. Thus, the
dinosaurs had foreign DNA and were
not truly clones.
24
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
4. List reasons you would or would not
be concerned about consuming milk
from cows treated with growth
hormone.
Whether evidence provided by the milk
company indicates the hormone is safe.
Whether the hormone may contribute to
breast or prostate cancer and whether
cows get more infections and have to be
given antibiotics, which could enter the
milk.
25
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
Gene Technology
11.3: Genetic Engineering in Agriculture.
Review.
2008-03-14
5. Genetic engineering can be used to
produce rice with high levels of betacarotine. This technology would help
people who suffer from a deficiency
in what substance?
D. Vitamin A.
26
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
P244 - 245
Questions p242
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
27
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
1. Gel electrophoresis is used to
______. DNA fragments.
A. separate.
B. join.
C. cut.
D. join.
A. separate.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
28
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
2. Which of the following human
illnesses can be treated using a
product of genetic engineering?
A. malaria.
B. hemophilia.
C. flu.
D. a sinus cold.
B. hemophilia.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
29
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
3. Injecting a healthy copy of a gene
into a person who has a defective
gene is called.
A. probing.
B. gene therapy.
C. PCR.
D. DNA cloning.
B. Gene therapy.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
30
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
4. The major effort to map and
sequence all human genes is called.
A. the RFLP project.
B. the PCR project.
C. the Human Genome Project.
D. DNA fingerprinting.
C. The Human Genome Project.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
31
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
5. A transgenic organism is produced
as a result of.
A. hybridization.
B. recombinant DNA.
C. mutation.
D. RFLPs.
B. Recombinant DNA.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
32
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
6. The process of making recombinant
DNA is least related to.
A. clones.
B. DNA fragments.
C. restriction enzymes.
D. sticky ends.
A. clones.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
33
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
7. Genetic Engineers can make plants
A. Resistant to insects.
B. more tolerant to droughts.
C. that are adapted to different soils.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
34
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
8. Describe how molecule A was
produced (see diagram on p 244).
Molecule A was produced through genetic
engineering. Plasmid DNA and DNAfrom
a different organism are cut with restriction
enzymes and then combined to produce
recombinant plasmid DNA. The
recombinant plasmid DNA molecules are
then inserted into bacterial cells.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
35
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
9. You have discovered a fossilized
bone. How can you use PCR to
obtain sufficient DNA for DNA
analysis?
DNA is extracted from the bone. DNA
primers, DNA polymerase, and nucleotides
are added. The DNA is heated and then
cooled. In a short time the original DNA
from the fossilized bone is replicated. The
sample is heated again to repeat the
process until an adequate sample size is
obtained.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
36
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
11. In the United States, government
regulations require researchers to
contain experimental genetically
engineered organisms inside a
laboratory and to ensure that the
organisms could not survive outside
the laboratory. Why do you think
these strict regulations are
necessary?
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
37
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
The regulations were prompted by
concerns that genetically engineered
organisms might cause disease or have
harmful effects on the environment. By
limiting their survival outside the
laboratory, scientists are preventing the
organism from possibly harming people or
other organisms and interfering in food
chains.
Gene Technology
Chapter Review.
38
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
12. A judge presiding over a highly
publicized murder trial dismissed the
prosecution’s request to admit DNA
fingerprints as evidence, calling it
“unproven”. Do you agree with the
judge? Explain your answer.
Disagree. A match of DNA fingerprints
from two different samples has only two
explanations - the prints are from the same
person, or from identical twins.
Gene Technology
FCAT Prep.
39
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
1. What term describes a molecule
containing DNA from two different
organisms?
A. Plasmid.
B. Probe.
C. Recombinant DNA.
D. RFLP DNA.
C. Recombinant DNA.
Gene Technology
FCAT Prep.
40
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
2. Two pieces of DNA have been cut by
restriction enzymes. The first piece
of DNA has a sticky end with the
nucleotide sequence TGGCCA. What
nucleotide sequence must the sticky
end of the second piece of DNA have
if it is to bond with the sticky end of
the first piece of DNA?
F. ACCGGT.
G. CTTAAG.
H. TCCGGA.
I. UGGCCU.
F. ACCGGT.
Gene Technology
FCAT Prep.
41
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
3. What agent allows genetic engineers
to cut DNA at specific sites??
A. DNA ligase.
B. DNA polymerase.
C. Plasmid DNA.
D. restriction enzyme.
D. Restriction enzyme.
Gene Technology
FCAT Prep.
42
R. H. Beeman
Vocabulary
11.1 Rev
11.2 Rev
11.3 Rev
Ch 11 Rev
2008-03-14
4. What technique is used to identify
individuals in paternity cases and
criminal cases?
F. DNA fingerprinting.
G. Gene therapy.
H. Genomic imprinting.
I. Vaccination.
F. DNA fingerprinting.
43
Gene Technology
R. H. Beeman
2008-03-14
Vocabulary
Title
Objectives
11.1 Rev
Vocabulary
11.2 Rev
11.3
Lesson
Rev
Homework
Ch 11 Rev
Answers
Ω