Cell Cycle/Protein Synthesis
Review
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
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IPMAT
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What occurs during Interphase?
• G1- growth and development.
• S- DNA replication
• G2- preparation for cell reproduction.
What phases belong to mitosis?
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PMAT
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
What occurs during Prophase?
• Chromatin material coils into chromatid pairs.
• Nuclear membrane disappears.
• Spindle begins to assemble.
What occurs during Metaphase?
• Chromatid pairs line up along the equator of
the cell.
• Spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of
each chromatid pair.
What occurs during Anaphase?
• Sister chromatids are pulled apart and
chromosomes begin to migrate to the poles of
the cell.
What occurs during Telophase?
• Chromosomes reach the poles of the cell.
• 2 identical nuclei form.
What is cytokinesis?
• At the end of telophase the entire cell splits to
form two identical cells.
What is the function of checkpoints
during the cell cycle?
• To check cell size and health.
• To repair DNA.
• To determine if the cycle will continue or stall.
What is DNA replication
• During the S stage of interphase the cell’s DNA
is copied.
• RNA polymerase splits the DNA strands open
and matches bases to both strands.
What is the function of DNA?
• Provides the instructions for what proteins will
be synthesized by the ribosomes.
What are the differences between
DNA and mRNA?
• DNA can’t leave the nucleus but mRNA can.
• DNA contains Thymine while mRNA contains
Uracil instead.
• DNA is double stranded while mRNA is single
stranded.
What is Transcription?
• DNA is copied onto a molecule of mRNA.
• RNA polymerase unzips DNA and matches
mRNA nucleotides to one strand of the DNA.
In DNA, what bases pair?
• A with T, adenine with thymine
• C with G, cytosine with guanine
What is a nucleotide?
• A monomer of DNA.
• Contains a phosphate group, deoxyribose
sugar, and a nitrogen base (A, T, C or G)
What type of bonds hold the two
strands of DNA together?
• Hydrogen bonds
Match DNA nucleotides:
ACGAACGTT
• TGCTTGCAA
Match mRNA bases to this DNA strand:
ATCAAGCAT
• UAGUUCGUA
What is translation?
• mRNA is decoded into a polypeptide chain of
amino acids which folds up to form a protein.
Proteins are built during…
• Protein synthesis.
• Actual synthesis occurs during translation.
What is a codon?
• Three consecutive nitrogen bases of mRNA.
• The ribosome read mRNA one codon at a
time.
• One codon translates into one amino acid.
What is the function of tRNA during
translation?
• It brings amino acids to match with the mRNA
codons.