Radio
Discovery of radio
 The first documented radio transmission occurred in
1895 and was sent by a 21 year old Italian, Guglielmo
Marconi, who conducted simple experiments using a
radio transmitter and receiver
 The transmitter was placed at his house, and the
receiver placed three miles away.
 He got his servant to fire a gun when the transmission
had been received - the three dots ··· of the letter S in
Morse Code.
Early Use of Radio
 The first major use of radio was for navigation, where it
greatly reduced the isolation of ships, saving thousands of
lives.
 Radio had an immediate application for shipping, as now
ships on the busy transatlantic routes could communicate
with land and each other.
 for the first couple of decades radio was generally limited
to Morse code transmissions.
 In particular, the 1912 sinking of the Titanic highlighted the
value of radio to ocean vessels.
Early Radio Industry Development
 Radio began with a series of incremental scientific
discoveries and technical refinements, which
eventually led to the development of commercial
applications.
 Marconi's demonstration of a practical system for
generating and receiving long-range radio signals
sparked interest worldwide resulting in numerous
competing experimenters.
Early Radio Industry Development
 Alternator-Transmitter Development
 Radio signals were originally produced by spark transmitters,
which were noisy and inefficient.
 Arc-Transmitter Development
 A method for generating continuous-wave radio signals
developed by a Danish, Valdemar Poulsen.
 Audion and Vacuum-tube Receiver Development
 Lee DeForest invented a three-element vacuum-tube detector
which he called an Audion.
 Pre-War Vacuum-tube Transmitter Development
 AT&T initially developed vacuum-tubes as amplifiers for longdistance telephone lines.
Pioneering Amateurs
 Radio captured the imagination of thousands of ordinary
persons who wanted to experiment with this amazing new
technology.
 Until late 1912 there was no licensing or regulation of radio
transmitters in the United States, so amateurs were free to
set up stations wherever they wished.
 But with the adoption of licensing, amateur operators
faced a crisis, as most were now restricted to transmitting
on a wavelength of 200 meters.
 The U.S. government shut down all amateur stations, as
the country entered World War I.
Radio During World War I
 Civilian radio activities were suspended during the
war, as the radio industry was taken over by the
government.
 Numerous military applications were developed,
including direct communication with airplanes.
 The war also exposed thousands of service personnel
to the on-going advances in radio technology, with
broadcasting entertainment to the troops.
Broadcasting After World War I
 Although still unfocused, scattered broadcasting activities,
taking advantage of improvements in vacuum-tube
technology, accelerated after the end of the Great War.
 Initially there was a shortage of equipment, especially
vacuum-tubes, due to ongoing patent disputes, and many
of the early efforts were government related or by persons
who had access to surplus military equipment.
 But the experiments continued to expand, as the radio
industry returned to civilian control
Big Business and Radio
 Once the radio industry finally became profitable,
major corporations -- including the American
Telephone & Telegraph Company, General Electric,
and Westinghouse -- moved into the field.
 Meanwhile, in 1919, due to pressure from the U.S.
government, American Marconi's assets were sold to
General Electric, which used them to form the Radio
Corporation of America.
World War II
 Brought further advances in radio technology.
 The war years gave birth to Voice of America or VOA.
 Shortwave radio was a powerful tool for information
and propaganda during the war.
 Military radio technology also filtered down into the
commercial radio market.
Brief Introduction to Pakistan
Broadcasting Corporation
 March 1926 The Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC)‚ a
private Company‚ was formed
 1928 A small transmitting station was set up at Lahore
 1935 NWFP Government set up a 250 watts transmitting
station at Peshawar for community listening
 1936 The name of Indian State Broadcasting Service was
changed as AIR
 1942 The Peshawar radio station shifted in a regular
broadcasting house
 1947 Pakistan Broadcasting Service announced Pakistan’s
creation
Brief Introduction to Pakistan
Broadcasting Corporation
 Radio stations being set up in Rawalpindi, Quetta,
Karachi
 Turned into a corporate body in 1972
 1994 FM Gold started using PBC’s studio for the
experimental sessions
 1997 computerized news processing system
 FM transmission started in 1998
 Presently Radio Pakistan is broadcasting programmes
in 23 languages.
Growth of FM in Pakistan
 FM Gold-1994: PBC used its own studios and staff for
FM Gold.
 In Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad from 7:00 AM till
1:00 PM. as experimental transmissions.
 After this, in 1996, PBC started FM 101, as an
independent FM channel.
 In private sector, FM radio channels were introduced
in second regime of the Prime Minister Benazir
Bhutto (1993-1997).
Growth of FM in Pakistan
 According to majority listener's opinion, FM 100 is a trendsetter
radio channel in FM revolution in Pakistan.
 But with the passage of time, many new FM channels have
participated in this process.
 Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)'s FM channel 101 was
started on FM 100's style on 1st Oct, 1998.
 This channel captured the listener ship of FM 100 to some extent.
 This was suggested that for improvement, FM 101 should transmit
its programs 24 hours,
 More educational programs, live calls should be increased, sound
system and comparing style should be improved, young talent
shows, road shows, old songs, information and religious programs
should be increased.
Growth of FM in Pakistan
 PEMRA has also issued FM channel licenses to public
universities.
 University of Peshawar and University of the Punjab are
running successfully their channels.
 Particularly, FM 104.6 of Punjab University has played very
effective role for the earthquake effects in Muzaffarabad,
Azad Kashmir.
 After Fm 100 and 101, another channel FM 103 gained
popularity among Lahore 's public.
 Some trends of it were very new and attractive for them.
Growth of FM in Pakistan
 FM 103 started to broadcast BBC's Urdu service new
bulletins.
 The anchorperson's accent and style was more localized.
The caller's interaction was also more frank.
 Beside this, violating the PEMRA's rules, FM 103
introduced to broadcast its own investigative news
bulletin.
 These bold steps were unbearable for higher
Authorities.
 On November 12, 2004 authorities raided the channel’s
office, confiscating equipment and bringing the
transmission to a halt.