Latin Verbs An Introduction Latin I Grammar Latin For Americans: Lesson 3 Latin Verbs… the Basics Latin Verbs are divided into groups called conjugations Conjugations share the same infinitive forms -āre = 1st Conjugation -ēre = 2nd Conjugation -ere = 3rd Conjugation -īre = 4th Conjugation Latin Verbs… the Basics Latin verbs have five characteristics 1. Person 1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person 2. Number Singular or Plural 3. Tense 4. Voice 5. Mood Latin Verbs… the Basics Latin verbs have four principal parts to form specific tense stems Tenses refers to the time when a verb occurs There six basic tenses 1. Present 2. Imperfect 3. Future 4. Perfect 5. Pluperfect 6. Future Perfect Principal Parts Principal Parts are the building blocks for Latin verbs Dictionary entries for verbs are given as their four principal parts amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um Each principal part has a specific job Principal Parts: The First Principal Part amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um 1st Principal Part is the 1st person, singular, present tense Principal Parts: The Second Principal Part amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um The 2nd Principal Part is the Present Active Infinitive The 2nd Principal Part is used to form the present stem in 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugation verbs by removing the “-re” Principal Parts: The Third Principal Part amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um The 3rd Principal Part is the 1st singular, perfect active The 3rd Principal Part is used to form the perfect active stem by removing the “-i” Principal Parts: The Fourth Principal Part amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um The 4th Principal Part is the Perfect Passive Participle Participles are part verb, part adjective (-us, -a, -um) Conjugating Latin Verbs Conjugating a verb refers to listing all of its forms (persons) both singular and plural in a given tense First Person Second Person Third Person Conjugating Latin Verbs Person refers to who is “performing the action” of the verb Person of the verb = subject of the sentence 1st person = I (singular); we (plural) 2nd person = you (singular and plural) 3rd person = he, she, it (singular); they (plural) Conjugating Latin Verbs Person in English is determined by the respective pronouns I, you, he, she, it, etc.. Latin determines Person by personal endings: Singular -o/-m (I) -s (you) -t (he, she, it) Plural -mus (we) -tis (y’all) -nt (they) Basic Formula for Conjugating Verbs Tense Stem + Tense Sign + Personal Ending Present Tense has no “tense sign” Formula for Conjugating Present Tense Present Stem + Personal Endings Forming the Present Stem Present Stem = 2nd P.P. (-) –re amo, amāre, amavi, amatus – a, um amāre (-) –re ama Present Stem = ama (If the vowel is long, it’s strong, so it stays) Forming Present Stems Find the present stem for the following verbs laboro, laborāre, laboravi, laboratus – a, um paro, parāre, paravi, paratus – a, um porto, portāre, portavi, portatus – a, um specto, spectāre, spectavi, spectatus – a, um First Conjugation Verbs: Present Tense amo, amāre Stem = amā Pres Stem + P.E. amo amā + s amā + t amā + mus amā + tis amā + nt English Translation English Helping Verbs: “am, is, are” or “do, does” I am loving you are loving he is loving we are loving y’all are loving they are loving First Conjugation Verbs: Present Tense Singular Plural amo (I love) amas (you love) amat (he, she, it loves) amamus (we love) amatis (y’all love) amant (they love)