AP EURO: CHAPTER 22
 General Desires:
 1. Constitutions
 2. Independence and unification of nationalist groups
 3. End of Serfdom and Manorial Dues in Eastern
Europe
 Socio-economic Factors:
 1. Food Shortages
 2. Widespread Unemployment
 3. Harsh life in the Cities
 4. Economic Depression
 5. Overburdened systems of poor relief
 Middle Class
 Push for change
 Gain support from urban working class
 Opt for violent tactics
 An important common factor in the uprisings
 Nationalism: belief that one is part of a nation defined
as a community with its own language, traditions,
customs, and history. Primary focus of a person’s
loyalty & sense of identity
 Sought to create
national states:
 Germans, Hungarians,
Italians, Czechs
Loose confederation of 39 states
 led to Unification
 1784 J.G. Herder
published : Ideas of
the Philosophy of the
History of Mankind
 Volkgeist- “spirit of
the people”
 Herder argued
German Volkgeist is
different
 Focused on what
makes Germans
different from other
people
 The German spirit
(customs, traditions,
folklore) is not only
different, but
superior
 Must be kept “pure”
from outside influence
 Urged unity based on
language, history, &
folk traditions
 Traveled throughout
Germany
 Gathered folk tales
 Which represent
spirit of the people
(volkgiest)

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The Bremen Town-Musicians
Cinderella
The Frog King
Hänsel and Grethel
Little Red-Cap
Little Snow-White
Rapunzel
Collection of Stories – Carnegie Mellon University
https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~spok/grimmtmp/
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nMx7GmTw5n4
 Early socialist
philosophy
 Dialectic- all history
results from series of
change
 “Thesis” -> “AntiThesis” (conflicting
ideas)
 “synthesis” - fusion
 Argued that for nation to develop its culture,
 A nation must have cities, factories, and capital of its
own.
 Possible German Unification Debated:
 Problem: individual state rulers did not want to give
up their power!
 Austria & Prussia opposed unification
 Members of Assembly: Lawyers, government officials,
Catholic clergy, businessmen etc.
 Had No desire for revolution, disconnected from
masses
 How do you define “Germany”?
 Would a unified Germany include Prussia? Austria?
Bohemia?
 Large German Solution –grossdeutsch
 Small German Solution - kleindeutsch
 Assembly Produces 2 Documents:
 1. Declaration of the Rights of the German People
(freedom of religion, press, assembly)
 2. Constitution – for unified Germany (excludes
Austria)
 Frankfurt Parliament failed & dissolved
 German unification failed at this point in time
Prevailed 20 years later
Transformed the balance of economic, military, &
international power.
 Trade Partnership
 Included all German states except Austria &
Bohemia
 Promoted economic growth
 Austria & Bohemia left out and hurt economically
 Led by Prussia
 New King took over
throne:
 William I
 In 1862 he made a
decision that changed
German History…
 Prime Minister of
Prussia in 1862
 “Machivellian” ,
“Opportunistic” leader
 Enlarged & reformed
army
 Built railroads to
transport troops
 “The great questions of our day cannot be solved
by speeches and majority votes- that was the great
error of 1848 and 1849- but with blood and iron”
 A Unified Germany that excluded Austria
 Kleindeutsch – “small Germany”
 Policy of “Friendliness” towards Russia
 Austria was upset
 Austria wanted to join Zollverein (trade
partnership)
 Bismarck rejected Austria’s application!
 “German” states south
of Denmark
 Ruled by Denmark
 People rebelled against
Denmark 1848
 1852 international




agreement placed both
under Danish authority
1863 Austria & Prussia
went to war against
Denmark
1864 Austria & Prussia won
Prussia occupied
Schleswig
Austria occupied
Holstein
 Rivalry between Prussia and Austria re-emerged
 Prussians had to go through Holstein to get to
Schleswig…
 Bismarck’s perspective?
 Austria is in the way!
 Promised Italy Venetian territory if
 They (Italy) allied themselves with Prussia and went to
war against Austria
 How did Bismarck provoke war?
 Prussia vs. Austria
 Lasted 3 weeks
 Bismarck accused Austria of aggression & invaded
Holstein
 Prussia had better soldiers, new technology “needle
gun” (1st machine gun), railroads
 Prussia won
 1. Bismarck dissolved German confederation (39
states)
 2. With Austria excluded, Bismarck created the
North German Confederation dominated by
Prussia (22 states)
 3. Prussia’s ally, ITALY acquired Venetia
 New confederation had Constitution & Bicameral
Parliament
 William I now “ President”
 Otto von Bismarck now “ Chancellor”
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5gGBtGCdq9M
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KjfSKhjqxDk
 http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-
unification-of-germany-summary-timelineevents.html
APEURO
 Louis XVIII returned as Constitutional Monarch (1815)
 Charles X was his successor (1824)
 King Charles X
 Issued “July
Ordinances”
 1. Dissolved chamber
of deputies
 2. Censored Press
 Caused Immediate
protests
 Louis Philippe, Duke
of Orleans
 Downplayed “royal
image”
 Reign lasted 18 years
until 1848
 In support of electoral reform
 Francois Guizot, Prime Minister forbade gatherings
 Army fired against crowd = rebellion
 Guizot quit, Louis Philippe abdicated throne
 Was set up while debates ensued…
 1.Orleanists wanted Louis Philippe’s son to take
over
 2. Legitimists wanted a leader of Bourbon descent
 3. Socialists wanted Louis Blanc as leader
 4. Louis Napoleon, nephew of O.G. wanted power
 Set up National Workshops to ease economic crises
 More applicants than jobs
 People protested
 Elections held for National Assembly
 Conservatives won, riots in Paris ensued
 Violence escalated
 1,500-10,000 dead, or injured
 4 candidates ran for “President”
 Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won by a landslide
 “Napoleon can be everything to everybody because is
virtuously unknown” – Karl Marx
 1. Banned public




meetings
2. Expelled socialist
members of assembly
3. Imposed censorship
4. Took away vote from
the poorest
5. Returned control of
all schools to the
Church
 1. Returned universal
male suffrage
 2. Called for popular vote
and was elected for a 10
year term as President!
 Why?
 1850 Proclaimed himself
Emperor Napoleon
III!! :Louis Napoleon)
 Louis Napoleon III
Built boulevards,
parks, monuments,
railroad stations,
public buildings
 Modernized sewers,
water supply
 PROJECTS PROVIDED
JOBS!
 1. Credit Mobilier- loans $ to public
 2. Credit Foncier – Loans $ to landowners to improve
agriculture
 3. Railroads, builds steamships
 4. Hospitals, asylums, distributes free medicine
 5. Authorized unions & labor strikes
Ferdinand de Lesseps &
Company
Constructed the Suez
Canal in Egypt (18591869)
 Completed in 1884
Paris,
 Arrived in New York
1885
 Pedestal completed
1886
 Designer: Gustaf Eiffel
 World’s Fair
observation tower
 People thought of it as
“ugly”
 Completed: 1889
 Designer: Gustav Eiffel
 Louis Napoleon &
Mexico
 Mexico could not repay
their debts…
 So France Invaded 1862
 La Batalla de Pueblo
 People of Puebla
defeated French Army!
 May 5th 1862
 “Cinco de Mayo”
 But…
 France won the war 
 Austrian Archduke
Maximilian & wife
Charlotte
(Maximiliano &
Carlotta)
 Emperors of Mexico!
 “Puppet Rulers of
Mexico
 1863-1867
 Spanish crown vacant
 Spain offered the crown to a cousin of William I (of
Prussia)
 France (Napoleon) opposed idea
 Bismarck became involved…
 Bismarck spread rumors that Napoleon III Wanted to
seize Belgium & Luxemburg
 France sent reps to see William I
 “Ems Dispatch”
 French message: No Prussian King in Spain in the near
future!
 Bismarck’s version of the French Message: “France
has insulted the German People!”
 Bismarck orchestrated Franco-Prussian War 1870
 Easily Defeated
 Prussians captured Louis Napoleon III
 France declared itself a Republic (again)
 Paris wouldn’t surrender- 4 month seige
 Starving Parisians ate rats… & zoo animals
 1871 French Citizens voted for A National Assembly
 Assembly voted to form a republic w/ President, 2
chamber Parliament, council of ministers headed by
Premier
 Mid 19th Century a dozen small states, plus some tiny
ones
 Economic disparity: Prosperous north, Agricultural
south
 Obstacles: Austrian presence in the North, Papal
Power in Central Italy
 Secret society of Italian
nationalists emerged
 1. “The Carbonari”
 Joseph Mazzinispokesperson
 2. 1831 new group
emerged “Young Italy”
 In Northern & Central
Italy
 Insurgent groups
surrendered to
Austrian army, or Papal
forces
 Mazzini exiled
 Attempted revolts
again 1834-1836, and
1844
 Northern Italian
Kingdom of Piedmont
& Sardinia invaded
 Lombardy and Venetia
 Northern Italian
territories occupied by
Austria
 Joined Cause
 Uprisings lasted 3 months
 Leaders of movement: intellectuals, Professors,
Students, Writers, Idealists
 The Minister to the Pope was assassinated
 The Pope fled Rome
 Radicals declared Mazzini one of 3 rulers
 King of Piedmont-Sardinia invaded Lombardy again
 French army restored the Pope
 Austrian troops queledl insurrection in Piedmont
 Became Prime Minister
of Piedmont-Sardinia
1852
 Goal: to expand
borders of Piedmont
throughout Northern
Italy
 Austria occupied
Venetia & Lombardy
 Cavour created
agreements with
Britain & France
 Cavour Promised
France Nice & Savoy
 France made an
Agreement with
Austria
 Treaty of Villafranca:
 1. Piedmont gained
Lombardy only
 2. France gained Nice &
Savoy
 army of “red shirts”
 Garibaldi’s army
marched north
 Cavour’s army
marched south
 They met at center
 Did not include Venetia in the north (Austria)
 Or
 Rome (Papal State)
 Italy received Venetia 1866 as a reward for siding with
Prussia
 1870 Rome joined Italy, is named capital
 Papal control reduced to Vatican (recognition as
independent state 1920’s)
 1. Italy’s new government not very democratic
 2. Economic disparity – North & South
 3. Italy Lacked natural resources
 4. Papacy disapproved of new government
 5. People confused; can a “good Catholic” be a “good
patriot” ?