Warm-Up: Four Score & Seven Years Ago
► Read the first two sentences of Abraham
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and then
summarize them in your own words.
 “Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought
forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in
Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all
men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a
great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any
nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long
endure.”
TAKS Warm-Up: U.S. Civil War
►
One of the most important factors that directly
contributed to the outbreak of the Civil War was –
a) The existence of the Underground Railroad, which helped
enslaved persons escape
b) Conflict over whether slavery should be legal in western
states
c) The passage of the Homestead Act, which gave free land
to settlers
d) Strict laws that imposed stiff penalties for aiding enslaved
people who had run away
Part 2: Nationalism & Unification
1st time wars
are photographed
Congress of Vienna
► Congress of Vienna: goal
was to restore the old
order and arrange a peace
settlement
 Leader: Klemens von
Metternich, believed in the
principle of legitimacy
(meant that old monarchs
would be restored)
 At the conference, leaders
rearranged territories in
Europe (forming a new
balance of power)
Click on Klemens von Metternich to watch
Europe at the time of the Congress of Vienna.
Conservatism
►Conservatism is based on tradition and
social stability (Supported by Metternich)
►Principle of Intervention: The great powers
had the right to send armies into countries
where there were revolutions in order to
restore legitimate monarchs
 The great powers of Europe followed this
principle to maintain their powers
Liberalism
► Liberalism: a political
philosophy which held that
people should be as free as possible from
government restraint
► Political Beliefs:




Protection of civil liberties (basic rights of all people)
Religious toleration
Favored a constitutional government
Did NOT believe in a democracy which everyone had
a right to vote
Nationalism
►Nationalists: people who owe their loyalty to
their nation rather than the monarchy
 Movement heavily influenced by the French
Revolution
 Issue: Germany wanted to unite and Hungary
wanted to break with Austria
 Problem: If Germany united they would upset the
balance of power in Europe; An independent
Hungarian state meant the break-up of the
Austrian Empire
 Conservatives try to repress nationalism
Revolutions of 1848
► France, Germany, Austrian Empire & Italy
 All attempted unification
 All attempted to revolt against the powers of the
monarchy
 All FAILED
Crimean War
Crimean War
►Started from rival between Russia and
Ottoman Empire
►War was poorly planned and fought
►Suffered heavy losses for the Russians
►Austria didn’t help Russia – caused
tensions between the two
►Russia backs out of European affairs for
20 years and Austria is left without any
allies
Italian Unification
►Made agreements with
Austria and France over
states in Northern Italy
►Giuseppe Garibaldi, Italian
patriot, attempted a
takeover of Southern Italy
(to unite with Northern
Italy)
Italian
Unification
► Prussia allied with
Italy during the
Austro-Prussian
War (1866) and
gave Italy Venetia
(Northern Italy)
► On September 20,
1870 Italy is
unified and Rome
is made its capital
German Unification
German Unification
►Germany looked to Prussia for help in
unifying Germany
►Prussia relied on military strength for
power
►The legislature refused to levy taxes for
military changes – King appoints Otto von
Bismarck as new Prime Minister of Prussia
►Bismarck disregards the legislature – led to
war
German Unification
► Franco-Prussian War:
organized Northern German
states against France
► In peace agreement, France
had to give up Alsace and
Lorraine to Germany
► German unification was
dependent upon the Prussian
military and monarchy
Nationalism – Great Britain
► Avoided revolution by
allowing industrial middle
class to vote
► Economic growth kept GB
stable and successful
► Queen Victoria displayed a
sense of duty and moral
respectability – instilled
nationalism in GB
 Longest reign in English
history (74 yrs.)
Nationalism – Russia
►After the Crimean War, Czar Alexander II
realized that Russia needed to make some
reforms
 Emancipation Edict: freed all serfs – peasants
could own their own property
 Problem: Serfs were unable to buy enough
“good” land to support themselves
 Radicals thought he was trying to destroy
Russian society and assassinated him
Nationalism – United States
► States’ Rights: idea that states had the right to control
all issues/laws in their state not specifically state in the
Constitution (broad interpretation of the 10th
Amendment)
► Nullification Crisis (1832): South Carolina threatens to
secede if the federal government tried to collect tariff
duties (tax on imported goods…like manufactured
goods). South Carolina used the doctrine of states’
rights to nullify (ignore) the tariff.
 President Andrew Jackson says he will use the military to
enforce the law  South Carolina backs downs and makes a
compromise
Nationalism – United States
► Slavery (seen as a state right) was the most
significant threat to unity in the U.S.
► 1860: Abraham Lincoln is elected
► Result: Secession – South Carolina is the 1st state to
secede (leave) the union (Attack on Fort Sumter)
 More states secede and create the Confederate States
of America (CSA)
 American Civil War: 1861-1865
 Emancipation Proclamation set slaves in the South free
 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse,
ending the war
Most costly war in US history 558,000
dead (WWII 407,000)
Pre – Civil War Timeline
►
1820: Missouri Compromise
 Missouri entered the Union as a
slave state, while Maine entered
as a free state. Slavery was
banned in the remainder of the
territory north of the southern
border of Missouri.
►
1832: Nullification Crisis
 As agricultural exporters and importers
of finished products, Southerners
objected the protective tariffs because
they raised the costs of their purchases
and reduced their volume of exports.
Southerners also feared that the
government could impose other laws
(such as outlawing slavery).
Pre – Civil War Timeline
►
1850: Compromise of 1850
 Compromise between Northern &
Southern states
►
1854: KansasNebraska Act
 allowed the
residents of the
territory of Kansas
to vote on whether
slavery would be
allowed (popular
sovereignty)
Pre – Civil War Timeline
►
1855-1856: Violence breaks out
in Kansas (a.k.a. “Bleeding
Kansas”)
 Both pro- and anti-slavery factions
promoted emigration of settlers
to Kansas (hoping to sway the
balance of power). Killings,
robberies, and other forms of
violence between the two factions
spread throughout the territory.
The antislavery settlers, with John
Brown as a leader, eventually
outnumbered the proslavery
emigrants, and Kansas entered
the Union as a free state in 1861.
►
1859: John Brown raids
Harper’s Ferry
 October 16, 1859 - Brown, an
abolitionist, led the raid in an
attempt to seize federal arsenal
and initiate a full-scale rebellion
against slavery by distributing its
weapons to local slaves
Pre – Civil War Timeline
►
1860: Lincoln elected as
President
►
1860: South Carolina secedes
from the Union
 On December 20, 1860, a state
convention in South Carolina
called after the election of
Republican President Abraham
Lincoln unanimously passed an
ordinance of secession, thus
severing the state's ties to the
United States. Ten other
Southern states followed suit in
the winter and spring of 18601861, leading to the outbreak
of the Civil War in April 1861.
Pre – Civil War Timeline
► 1861: Attack on Fort Sumter
 The attack on Fort Sumter was the first armed action of the
Civil War. After 33 hours of Confederate shelling the Union
soldiers were forced to surrender.